Top 9  Real Estate Financial Calculator Problems

Real estate investors use a variety of mathematical tools to analyze the
performance of their investment properties. We've taken some of the most
popular ones and explain their purpose and how to do these real estate
investment calculations.

Once you've learned about them, download the spreadsheets. One is the Real
Estate Investment Calculator Sheet, and the other is the same sheet with
sample data in it to show you formats.

1. Gross Potential Income
Gross potential income is the expected income a property will produce
without deductions for expected vacancy or credit loss.
Gross Potential Income calculation explained here.

This one is relatively simple. We want to know what income will be realized if a
property is fully occupied and all rents are collected. We take number of units
times annual rent for a total.
Example: An apartment complex with six units. Three rent for $700 per month
and the other three rent for $800 per month.

Here's How:
3 units * $700/month = $2100
$2100 * 12 = $25,200
3 units * $800/month = $2400
$2400 * 12 = $28,800
$25,200 + $28,800 = $54,000 Annual income. This is our GPI.
Tips:
Remember that we are assuming full occupancy and all payments made.
2. Gross Operating Income
This calculation takes into account losses due to vacancy and non-payment.
Detail of the Gross Operating Income calculation.

How To Calculate Gross Operating Income (G0I)?
Once we know the Gross Potential Income of a real estate investment
property,we arrive at the Gross Operating Income by subtracting out the
estimated annual losses due to non-payment or vacancies.

Let's use our already calculated Gross Potential Income result of $54,000. This
is if all units are full and all rents paid.


Based on experience, the current market and rental occupancies, we estimate
that our losses due to vacancies and non-payment will be 5%.


$54,000 *.05 = $2700


$54,000 - $2700= $51,300 for our Gross Operating Income
----------------------------------------------------------------------

3.
Gross Rental Multiplier
Though not the most precise of tools, the GRM can give you a quick
comparison tool to decide on whether to do a more thorough analysis.
Get Gross Rental Multiplier help here.

How To Calculate and Use the Gross Rent Multiplier (GRM)?
As a real estate agent working with real estate investors, you will likely be
doing quite a few market value analysis for each property finally purchased.
The Gross Rental Multiplier (GRM) is easy to calculate, but isn't a very precise
tool for ascertaining value. However, it is an excellent first quick value
assessment tool to see if further more detailed analysis is warranted. In other
words, if the GRM is way out high or low compared to recent comparable sold
properties, it probably indicates a problem with the property or gross
over-pricing.

Here's How:
Getting the GRM for recent sold properties:
Market Value / Annual Gross Income = Gross Rent Multiplier (GRM)

Property sold for $750,000 / $110,000 Annual Income = GRM of 6.82



Estimating value of property based on GRM:
Let's say that you did an analysis of recent comparable sold properties and
found that, like the one above, their GRM's averaged around 6.75. Now you
want to approximate the value of the property being considered for purchase.
You know that its gross rental income is $68,000 annually.

GRM X Annual Income = Market Value

6.75 X $68,000 = $459,000

If it's listed for sale at $695,000, you might not want to waste more time in
looking at it for purchase.

Tips:
Don't get too reliant on this calculation, but it can be used to narrow down a
crowded field of possible properties.
4. Net Operating Income
Here we throw in the operating expenses, such as management, repairs,
janitorial, etc. for our NOI.
Net Operating Income calculation explained here.

How To Calculate Net Operating Income NOI for a Real Estate Investment
Property?
As a real estate professional serving investment clients, you need to be very
familiar with all the methods of valuation of income properties. One of these is
the calculation of Net Operating Income, as it is used with cap rate to
determine the value of a property.

Determine the Gross Operating Income (GOI) of the property:
Gross Potential Income - Vacancy and Credit Loss = Gross Operating Income



Determine the operating expenses of the property. This would include
expenses for management, legal and accounting, insurance, janitorial,
maintenance, supplies, taxes, utilities, etc.


Subtract the operating expenses from the Gross Operating Income to arrive at
the Net Operating Income. Using the example of a property with a gross
operating income of $52,000 and operating expenses of $37,000, our net
operating income would be:
$52,000 - $37,000 = $15,000 Net Operating Income

Tips:
Be very careful to get all the operating expenses into the calculation. Missing
expenses will increase net operating income and thus cause your client to
overpay for the property based on valuation using cap rate.
5. Capitalization Rate
By using other properties' operating income and recent sold prices, the
capitalization rate is determined and then applied to the property in question
to determine current value based on income.
Capitalization Rate Calculation explained.

How To Calculate Capitalization Rate for Real Estate?
Those who invest in real estate via income-producing properties need to
have a method to determine the value of a property they're considering
buying. By using other properties' operating income and recent sold prices,
the capitalization rate is determined and then applied to the property in
question to determine current value based on income.

Get the recent sold price of an income property, such as an apartment
complex.
Example: Six unit apartment project sold for $300,000



For that same apartment project, determine the net operating income, or the
net rentals realized by the owners.
Example: The rental income after expenses (net) is $24,000



Divide the net operating income by the sale price to get cap rate.
Example: $24,000 / $300,000 = .08 or 8% (The Capitalization Rate)
6. Cash Flow Before Taxes (CFBT)
We take net operating income and subtract capital cash
expenditures as well as debt service, add back loan proceeds
and interest income.
More on Cash Flow Before Taxes.

How To Calculate Cash Flow Before Taxes
(CFBT) for Your Real Estate Investor
Clients?

When you work with real estate investor clients, it's important
that you have the knowledge to help them determine the
viability of investments.

Cash flow is quite important, as it disregards the deductibility
for tax purposes of expenses. A tax return tells you some
things, but cash flow tells you more.

Begin with the Net Operating Income of the property.

Subtract the money out for debt service. This is the amount
spent for the entire mortgage payment, interest and principle.

Subtract any capital expenditures. This would be money spent
for improvements on the property, whether they are deductible
that year or not. This is actual cash spent.

Add any loan proceeds. This is the money borrowed on a loan
other than the original mortgage. If you made capital
improvements, but took out a loan to pay for it, put that loan
amount here as an addition.

Add any interest earned. Should the property have loans or
investments out that provide cash in as interest, add that in
here.

You have now come to the result, which is
the Cash Flow Before Taxes (CFBT) for this
property
. Here's the line itemization:
Begin with Net Operating Income
- Subtract Debt Service
- Subtract Capital Improvements cash out
+ Add Loan Proceeds for loans to finance operations
+ Add back any interest earned
= Cash Flow Before Taxes

--------------------------------------------------------------
7. Cash Flow After Taxes (CFAT)
This one is easy, as it's the CFBT with taxes subtracted.
Details on Cash Flow After Taxes.

How To Calculate After Tax Cash Flow (CFAT) for the Real Estate
Investor?
Cash flow after taxes isn't a difficult calculation. Once Cash Flow
Before Taxes is determined, it's a simple matter to subtract tax
liability to determine Cash Flow After Taxes.

It's possible that, due to accrued losses deductible in later
years, that this after tax cash flow could actually be a positive
number and be higher than the cash flow before taxes.

Determine the cash flow before taxes.


Subtract the income tax liability, state and federal.
The result is the Cash Flow After Taxes.

Another method of calculating CFAT is:
CFAT = Net Income + Depreciation + Amortization + Other
Non-Cash Charges

They really aren't that different, as you're just adding back cash
items that were subtracted for the Cash Flow Before Taxes
calculation. In the CFBT calculation, debt service is subtracted
from Net Income, as it's a cash outflow. However, the
depreciation and interest are both deductible for taxes, and
thus are added back to get the CFAT.
8. Break-Even Ratio
Add Debt Service to Operating Expenses
and divide by Operating Income.
More on Break-Even Ratio

How To Calculate the Break-Even Ratio for
Real Estate Investment?
Lenders use the break-even ratio as one of their analysis
methods when considering providing financing for a real estate
investment property. Too high of a break-even ratio is a
cautionary indicator.

In this case we'll assume an annual debt service of $32,000

Determine the annual operating expenses for the property.
In this case, we'll assume that management and direct operating
costs annually are $47,000.

Calculate the annual gross operating income of the property.
We'll assume a gross operating income of $98,000 annually.

Add Debt Service to Operating Expenses and divide by
Operating Income:
$32,000 + $47,000 / $98,000 = .81 or an 81% Break-Even Ratio.
------------------------------------------------------------

9.
Return on Equity - Year One
This is the percentage return on your cash investment the first
year.
More on Return on Equity

How To Calculate Return on Equity for Real Estate Investments
in First Year?

Many real estate investors are involved in multiple properties
and use leverage in their purchases.

When deciding on the viability of an investment, one of the
measures used is the expected Return on Equity in the fist year.

If two properties are similar, the one which will produce the
best first year return may be the better short term investment.

Here's How:
Determine the Cash Flow After Taxes. In this case, we'll assume
a CFAT of $11,000.

What is the cash invested as down payment or other into
acquiring the property? We'll use $170,000 in this example.

Divide the CFAT by the cash invested:
$11,000 / $170,000 = .065 or 6.5% Return on Equity
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'Residual Income'
The amount of income that an individual has after all personal debts,
including the mortgage, have been paid. This calculation is usually made
on a monthly basis, after the monthly bills and debts are paid.

Also, when a mortgage has been paid off in its entirety, the income that
individual had been putting toward the mortgage becomes residual
income.

'Residual Income'
Residual income is often an important component of securing a loan. The
loaning institution usually assesses the amount of residual income an
individual has left after paying off other debts each month. If the
individual requesting the loan has sufficient residual income to take on
additional debt,
the loaning institution will be more likely to grant the loan because having
an adequate amount of residual income will ensure that the borrower has
sufficient funds to make the loan payment each month.


There are a variety of ways residual income can be earned. Following are
some examples.

1) Transfer the rights to a book you wrote, a software program you
created, a gadget you invented, or a song you recorded, to a company
that agrees to pay you a percentage of each copy of your work sold in the
future.

2) Become an actor and draw residual income from each of your movies,
TV shows, or commercials, each time they run.

3) Let an oil company drill a well on your property in exchange for a
percentage of the revenue.

4) Purchase an office building or other real estate that earns you
recurring income through lease or rental payments.

The above ways of earning residual income generally aren't that easy to
implement. Following are some that are more attainable for the average
person:

Start a savings and investment program that pays you residual income in
the form of interest or dividends.

Residual Income Theory
Residual income is any income that is not based directly on the number of
hours that you worked to earn it. While hourly pay or a salary are direct
pay for your work, residual income has more to do with how valued the
product of your work is by those who use it. Residual income can vary
from miniscule to enormous, with most residual incomes tending more
toward the former than the latter.



Royalties
The last major category of portfolio income is
royalties, typically earned through owning
property such as a copyrighted material or
franchise.


Royalties are typically agreed upon as a
percentage of gross or net revenues derived
from the use of an asset or a fixed price per unit
sold of an item of such, but there are also other
modes and metrics of compensation.

A royalty interest is the right to collect a stream of
future royalty payments, often used in the oil and
music industries , books to describe a
percentage ownership of future production or
revenues from a given moment.
Book publishing royalties

Except in the rarity of cases where book writers
can demand high advances and royalties, an
author's royalty rate is dictated by their publisher.
All book-publishing royalties are paid by the
publisher.

For the predominant case, the publishers
advance an amount (part of the royalty) which can
constitute the bulk of the author’s total income
plus whatever little flows from the "running
royalty" stream
ROYALTIES
Oil & Gas Royalties and Mineral Rights provide many owners and
Companies an ongoing income stream for many years after their
initial investment. In fact, some of the wealthiest Oil & Gas
Companies actually never drill or operate a field due to the high
level of risk. Instead, these companies buy the rights to the minerals
underneath the ground (sub-surface) that the operators drill,
develop, produce, market and pay royalty owners an ongoing royalty
based from the production.

Royalty and over-riding royalty interest.

If you own a royalty interest or over-riding royalty interest in a
property producing oil, natural gas, or coal, that means that you get
some other resulting revenue without having to pay the drilling or
operation expenses




How do you get into the oil and gas royalty market?

Well, oil and gas royalty interest may be bought and sold like any
other investment but they are intended for accredited investors.
The Securities and Exchange Commission’s definition of an
accredited investor includes individuals with a net worth of 1M or
more or annual income of $200,000 or more or trusts or partnerships
with assets of $5M or more.


How do many people enter this market?

Through a 1031 exchange. Commonly, a real estate investor will want
to exchange out an unwanted property and find an alternative
replacement property solution. Since oil and gas royalty interests
represent ownership of a percentage of gross revenue from real
property, exchanging into one of these royalty interests qualifies as
a like kind exchange, provided the exchange is properly structured.
Royalties
The last major category of portfolio income is royalties, typically earned
through owning property such as a copyrighted material or franchise.


Royalties are typically agreed upon as a percentage of gross or net
revenues derived from the use of an asset or a fixed price per unit sold
of an item of such, but there are also other modes and metrics of
compensation.

A royalty interest is the right to collect a stream of future royalty
payments, often used in the oil and music industries , books to describe
a percentage ownership of future production or revenues from a given
moment.

Book publishing royalties


Except in the rarity of cases where book writers can demand high
advances and royalties, an author's royalty rate is dictated by their
publisher. All book-publishing royalties are paid by the publisher.

For the predominant case, the publishers advance an amount (part of the
royalty) which can constitute the bulk of the author’s total income plus
whatever little flows from the "running royalty" stream
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How Does the Tax Lien Certificate
Investment Process Work?
A brief overview
...
Once property taxes are delinquent for one year, the county government
is going to offer tax lien certificates on all of the delinquent properties.

As investors, you and I can acquire tax lien certificates that pay us fixed
rates of returns 8% to 36% interest per year depending on which county
we're investing in.

Important: You don't have to go to auctions to acquire
tax lien certificates
; it's simply the way the process begins. You can
also acquire tax lien certificates directly from the county through a
strategy called "assignment purchasing."

When you acquire a tax lien certificate, by law, you are now the first
position lien holder of record. Yes, the tax lien certificate even takes
priority over the mortgage.

When you acquire the tax lien certificate, in essence what
you're doing is paying the delinquent property tax bill, and in return you
receive a tax lien certificate. Similar to a government bond or bank
certificate of deposit (CD), the tax lien certificate bears an interest rate.

The difference is that unlike government bonds or bank CD's that pay
pathetically low interest rates, tax lien certificates pay you 16% or 24% or
36% interest, depending on which county you're investing in.

When the delinquent property taxes are paid, you receive all of your
original investment back, plus the guaranteed high interest rate (16% or
18% or 36%).

Each state has a redemption period, or grace period in which the
delinquent property taxes must be paid. Redemption periods range from
6 months to 3 years depending on which county you're investing in.

If the delinquent property taxes are not paid within the redemption
period, then the property will be taken through a judicial process
(property tax foreclosure). Once this process is complete, the tax lien
certificate investor will receive the deed to the property free and clear
with no mortgage.

Property tax law clearly states that once this process
is complete,
"tax foreclosure will result in the loss of ownership of
the property and all rights of all interested parties..." which gives you a
free and clear deed to the property.

The Results...
When informed investors conduct proper research, and acquire tax lien
certificates on the right types of properties, there are only two outcomes:

The tax lien certificate is redeemed, and the investor receives all of their
money back plus their 18%, or 24% or 36% interest, or...

The tax lien certificate is not redeemed, and the investor receives a free
and clear deed to the property with no mortgage for as little as 5 to 10
cents on the dollar.
State law regulates the entire Tax Lien Certificate and Tax
Lien Property investment process, which gives you an extremely high degree of
safety.
--------------
Through the Tax Lien Certificate and Tax Lien Property investment strategy, you
can acquire valuable real estate for pennies on the dollar, and own free and clear
with no mortgage.

If None of the Interested Parties Pay the Delinquent Tax Bill, the Law Clearly
States:

"tax foreclosure will result in the loss of ownership of the property and all rights
of all interested parties... The title to the property will be free and clear from all
liens, claims and encumbrances."
Tax Lien Certificates are a socially responsible
investment vehicle.
Tax Lien Certificate revenue is used to fund police
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-------------
Buying Tax Lien Certificates helps property owners who may be having financial
challenges.
When we acquire a tax lien certificate, in essence what we've done is paid
someone else's delinquent tax bill for them, which gives them the opportunity to
stay in their home with no negative consequences for an additional 1 to 3 years
You can safely acquire valuable Tax Lien Certificates and
Tax Lien Properties anywhere in the United States without ever leaving the
comfort of your own home. All you need is a computer and a telephone.
----------
Every year, $7 to $10 billion worth of Tax Lien
Certificates
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Properties available for you. Always!
Buying Tax Lien Certificates and Tax Lien Properties have
been available in the United States for over 200 years, and are one of the safest
and highest yielding investment vehicles in the world today.
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Tax Lien Certificates pay you guaranteed fixed rates of return of 16%, 24%,
even as high as 50% interest per year.

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The owner of real property sold at a tax sale may redeem the
on or before the second anniversary of the date on which the purchasers deed is
filed for record by paying the purchaser the amount the purchaser bid for the
property.
TAX LIENS:  ---Investing in Government Issued Tax Lien Certificates!

Do you ever wonder what would happen if you don't pay your property taxes?

Can You Safely Earn 18%  or more Per Year On Your Investments?

YES YOU CAN, AND KNOWLEDGE FINANCIAL Group WILL SHOW YOU HOW!