FINANCIAL REPORT: REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT SECRETS REVEALED, REAL
ESTATE CAN HELP YOU GET RICHER THE QUICKEST, EASIEST WAY POSSIBLE
HOW DOES OWNER FINANCING REALLY
WORKS
Owner financing, occurs when the seller of a home finances all or a
portion the sale of his or her own property. This is often referred to in
real estate ads as “Owner Will Carry” or similar wording, meaning
that the owner of the property will, in effect, act as a bank and loan
the purchaser all or part of the money needed to purchase the owner’
s property.
There can be several advantages to the seller for carrying a note, as
it is also known. There can be tax advantages in spreading out the
time over which an owner receives the money from the sale of a
property. Also, many owners simply like the idea that they can
receive a monthly income from a property even after they have sold
it – and no longer have to worry about repairing leaky roofs or
replacing dead water heaters.
There is a nice monetary inducement to the owner to carry paper as
well – the owner can charge the buyer interest on the money that
the owner is lending to the buyer. In this way not only does the
owner collect a monthly mortgage payment on the property he or
she has sold, but the owner collects interest as well, in effect
increasing the owner’s overall sales price of the property.
In order to protect themselves, some homeowners require that the
buyer make their monthly payments into an escrow account held by
a bank or other lending institution, and they require the borrower to
place a Quit Claim Deed into the escrow account with instructions
that if a payment is late by a certain number of days then the escrow
officer will automatically file the Quit Claim Deed, restoring the
house to the former owner instantly.
If this were to happen the buyer would not only lose title to the
property but would also lose any and all payments already made on
the property. This is a powerful incentive for the buyer to make all
payments in a timely manner.
A more pragmatic reason, perhaps, why some homeowners agree to
carry a note is to increase the universe of potential purchasers for
their property. The way this works is easy to understand. If the
homeowner is making a portion of the loan on the property then the
borrower will need to qualify for a smaller loan from a bank or other
financial institution, meaning that a larger number of people will be
able to qualify for any bank loan that might be required to purchase
the property. If the seller finances the entire selling price of the
property then buyers do not need to qualify for a bank or other
financial institution loan at all. This can greatly increase the
number of people who are interested in buying a piece of property.
For starters if the owner is financing all of a sale then a borrower
does not have to qualify for a loan at a traditional financial
institution. Even if the seller only finances a portion of the loan the
borrower benefits by having to qualify for a smaller loan from a
traditional mortgage source.
Additionally, when a seller finances a property there are no points or
closing costs for the buyer to pay, saving the buyer potentially
several thousand dollars on the transaction. And while the seller of
the property may charge the same interest rate that a bank or other
financial institution would charge, it is sometimes possible for a
buyer to actually end up paying a slightly lower interest rate if the
seller finances the sale since more aspects of the sale are open to
negotiation than may be possible when dealing with a traditional
lender.
Many factors can influence whether the seller of a property is willing
to carry all or a portion of the sales price on a piece of property. In
many cases, however, the determining factor is the overall condition
of the market itself.
When homes become difficult to sell – when it is a buyer’s market, in
other words – then sellers are more inclined to do whatever is
necessary to increase their chances of a sales and so owner
financing is more readily available.
Conversely, when homes are selling quickly and it is a seller’s
market, then sellers have little incentive to carry back a mortgage.
So your chances of finding an owner willing to carry back a
mortgage are largely dependent on the current housing market. But
regardless of prevailing market conditions, it never hurts to ask if an
owner is willing to carry paper.
HOW TO GET A MORTGAGE HOME LOAN?
Securing a home loan is the most important step in the
home-buying process. Here are the basics for getting your
financing.
Step#-1
Find a professional mortgage broker YOU CAN CALL MR.
ANTONY AT VISION MORTGAGE
BANK--786-709-1531--South Florida, or a lender.
Advantage of a mortgage broker is that: He has more time to
look for a better loan, he has more lenders to deal with, he
knows how to negotiate, what to negotiate to benefit a client,
and you are not loosing no points on your credit.
2-Step Two, Fill out a loan application.
3Step Three get an estimate of closing costs {Good Faith
Estimate} from your mortgage broker or from the lender you
choose. By law, the lender is required to provide this
statement to you within three days of receiving the loan
application. Make sure to ask what type of loan program your
lender has selected for you, including the rates, terms and
any special information, such as prepayment penalties.
4-Step Let your mortgage broker or yourself compare costs,
fees and terms of loans if you are working with more than
one lender.
5-Step Let your broker or yourself negotiate the fees.
Sometimes you can negotiate the amount of fees or loan
points (a point is 1 percent of the loan amount) the lender
charges you.
6-Step Consider lowering your interest rate by paying more
points. The relationship of interest rate to points paid is an
inverse one; the more points you pay, the lower the interest
rate.
7-Step Provide required documentation.
8-Step Pay any up-front fees. Sometimes the lender requires
that the appraisal, credit report or processing fee be paid at
the beginning.
9-Step Your broker or yourself should review the loan
papers. Approximately one week prior to closing, loan
papers will be ready for your review. Make sure the loan
matches the original quote you were given.
10-Step Sign your loan papers and deposit your down
payment funds into your account four to six days prior to
closing.
11Step Eleven Bring a cashier's check for the down payment
to the title company, escrow company or attorney handling
the closing. The lender will send the title company a check
for the loan amount.
12Step Twelve Get ready to congratulate yourself. Once the
transaction closes and you have signed off on all
contingencies, and received a copy of the deed and a set of
keys, you own the home.
Tips & Warnings
If you are a first-time home buyer, you may qualify for a lower
down payment or interest rate. Check with mortgage broker,
, your county housing department or your employer to see
what programs are available.
I suggest you to consult a mortgage broker at: 786-709-6577
--SOUTH FLORIDA; because if you go by yourself that can
cause too many inquiries and that can make it look as if the
applicant is shopping for credit - which is a red flag for some
lenders. When you do select a lender, you may have to
explain in writing why there are other inquiries on your credit
report.
Lenders may impose limits on how much of your down
payment can come from borrowing.
Remember that money received from a lender will show up
on your credit report, and your payments will factor into your
debt-to-income ratio.
8 Reasons to Get Pre-Approved for a Home Loan
Learn why pre-approval is one of the smartest moves you can
make when shopping for a home. You wouldn’t head to a
cash-only farmer’s
market or craft fair without knowing how much cash you had
in your wallet. So why would you start shopping for the
biggest purchase of your life,
a new home, without knowing how much you could spend?
Fortunately, knowing how much you can spend is easy: Get
pre-approved for a mortgage before you start any serious
home-shopping.
Here’s why getting your loan pre-approved is so important:
1. The pre-approval process establishes an all-important
relationship between you and your lender.
2. Getting pre-approved tells you the maximum the lender is
likely to loan you, which helps you narrow down your home
search to
affordableproperties.
3. You can get an idea of what your monthly payments would
be.
4. You’ll have more credibility with real estate agents and with
sellers if your loan is pre-approved. Some agents won’t take
you seriously until you
have the pre-approval. They don’t want to waste their time, or
yours.
5. Mortgage loan approval takes time. If you wait to apply until
you’re ready to make an offer, you could lose out on the home
to someone who is
pre-approved.
6. The lender often will lock in an interest rate, which protects
you if rates rise while you are shopping for a home.
7. If your circumstances don’t qualify you for a low interest
rate, you’ll know that going in. You might decide to look in a
lower price range to
makeup the difference.
8. Pre-approval gives you at least some peace of mind, which
you will appreciate during the often-stressful process of
buying a home.
Don’t confuse loan pre-approval with pre-qualifying for a loan.
Lenders will often pre-qualify a would-be buyer based on
what you tell them about
your income, employment and basic credit information, like
how much you currently owe on credit cards or other loans.
The lender is not
agreeing to loan you money or committing to an interest rate.
But the process can tell you whether it makes sense to move
forward in your home
search.
Loan pre-approval is a more formal process. You’ll need to
provide the lender a lot of information about yourself,
especially about your spending
and saving habits. Prospective lenders will generally make
inquiries into your credit history and obtain your credit score.
If you get pre-approved, you’ll receive a letter telling you the
maximum loan you can get and the interest rate you’ll qualify
for. In some cases, you
can lock the interest rate in. Be sure you understand whether
the interest rate is locked and when you can lock it when you
get the pre-approval.
That pre-approval letter gives you a lot of power as a home
buyer. Use it wisely.
KNOWLEDGE FINANCIAL.COM
There are different ways to obtain finance to purchase a property: 1-Borrowing money from family members and friends, 2-Get money from your saving account 3-Take out money from your work saving plan, like 401-k with no withdrawal penalty, free of tax 4-Get money from your life insurance [cash value plan] 5-Sell stocks, bonds, mutual funds [TAX FREE] 6-Apply for private and government grants 7-Apply in your State, County housing programs 8-Use letter of credit 9-Use commercial line of credit 10-Get a mortgage loan from a financial institution 11-Get seller financing 12-Hard money lending
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REASONS TO GO WITH US:
We charge less fees than any other mortgage firm, or lending institutions
We carefully shopping for your mortgage loan to get you the best interest rate possible
We’re loyal, we’re competent, and we have experience
We keep you inform, and we make sure you understand the entire process With us you will never get overwhelmed by the home buying process
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IF YOU NEED HELP TO SELL YOUR REAL ESTATE PROPERTY IN SOUTH
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Life insurance, payable when you die, can provide a surviving spouse, children, and other dependents with the funds necessary to maintain their standards of
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the least amount of coverage, and vice versa. Ways to Reduce Your Life Insurance Premium
While you can't do anything about two of the three main factors affecting your insurance premium (age and family medical history), there are steps you can take
regarding the third - lifestyle. You could lower your insurance premium if you:



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HARD MONEY LENDING MADE REAL
ESTATE FINANCING SIMPLE
Do you need a flexible lender with flexible
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A Hard Money loan is a loan based on the
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The Borrower(s)
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LOAN PROGRAMS AVAILABLE FOR BOTH
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Why spend your time away from your family at
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HARD MONEY LENDING MADE REAL ESTATE FINANCING SIMPLE & EASY Do you need a flexible lender with flexible terms? Do you need to close this loan quickly? Do you need a no questions asked loan? Then we might have the answer for you:
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'' Copays, Co-payment, Deductibles and Coinsurance,
Premiums, Out-Of-Pocket All Well Defined, Well Clarified And
Explained For Better Understanding...
------------------------
'' HMO, PPO, EPO & POS—What’s the Difference & Which Is
The Best? // Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com =
Copays / Copayments
Most people are familiar with copays, a flat fee you pay toward services such as doctor visits or
prescriptions. You walk into a doctor’s office, they often expect a copay. This is your initial payment for
service, no matter what your visit is for.
Deductibles
This is the portion of your medical expenses that is not covered by a copay and you are responsible for
100%, until you reach your deductible. It's like car insurance. Should you need to, you pay your
deductible and then insurance kicks in to help pay.
The basics about annual health deductibles:
•Hospitalization, surgery and procedures are typically applied to your deductible.
•Lab tests, MRIs, CAT scans, surgical costs, anesthesia, physical therapy, medical devices usually go
toward your deductible. // Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com =
Choosing a high- or low-deductible plan
In choosing a plan, you want the best value for your money. You ask: Which is better, a high deductible or a low deductible? // Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com =
High deductible: To get a lower monthly premium, some people look for plans with a higher deductible. When does this work best? If you had very few medical expenses last year, you probably didn’t reach your deductible. If you feel that will stay the same for the coming year, a plan with a high deductible may be the right fit.
Low deductible: For active families, a low-deductible plan might be a good choice. If the kids are in sports—or someone has a chronic health problem, with lots of medical and emergency visits—it may be worth paying a slightly higher premium to get a low-deductible plan, with low copays.
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Coinsurance
Some people get confused about copay versus coinsurance. Just remember, they are not the same thing. When you reach your deductible, you must pay a percentage of the remaining costs—this is the coinsurance amount.
Let’s say you have a policy with 30% coinsurance. That means the insurance company will pay 70% of the bill after your deductible has been met and you pay the remaining 30%. But you won’t have to pay that 30% forever. You pay until you reach your out-of-pocket maximum—perhaps $5,000, depending on your Cigna plan. Then, Cigna will cover the rest of qualifying medical expenses for that calendar year.
Example: You have a $100,000 hospital bill, and a Cigna plan with a $1,500 annual deductible and 30% in- network coinsurance. You pay the $1,500 deductible plus 30% coinsurance until you reach your $5,000 annual out-of-pocket maximum.
The out-of-pocket maximum is a wonderful thing. Every Cigna plan has that feature. Check your plan to see if copays, deductibles and pharmacy costs accumulate to the out-of-pocket maximum. Which is right for you? // Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com =
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Health insurance seldom covers 100% of your healthcare costs. The costs that are not covered are
called out-of-pocket expenses for the patient. These are of three types:
1. Deductible: the amount of money that the patient must spend on her own before insurance
benefits start to kick in. // Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com =
2. Copay: the amount of money that the patient pays directly to the healthcare provider (doctor,
hospital etc.) at every visit.
3. Coinsurance: The copay is usually too small to cover all of the provider's fees. The insurance
company covers a large percentage (usually 60-90%, depending upon the plan) of the remaining fee
and the patient is responsible for the balance. This balance is called coinsurance.
Copayments A copayment (or copay) is a fixed-dollar amount that you pay each time for certain services. Most commonly, you will be responsible for a copayment each time you have a doctor's visit and for each prescription medication you fill. For example, with my health insurance, I pay a $15 copayment for each primary care physician visit, $25 copayment for a specialist visit, and $20 for each brand-name prescription. // Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com =
Coinsurance Coinsurance is a percent of the cost of your care. You are responsible for paying the co-insurance amount. For example, if a doctor's visit is $100 and you have a 20% coinsurance, you will pay the doctor $20 and your health plan will pay the doctor $80.
Copayments are most often used in HMOs and for services you receive from a network provider in a PPO. Coinsurance is often used when you get services from an out-of-network provider in a PPO. This can be quite costly, especially if you use an out-of-network hospital for a surgical procedure.
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HMO, PPO, EPO & POS—What’s the Difference & Which Is Best?
You can’t choose the best health insurance for you and your family if you don’t understand the difference between an HMO, PPO, EPO and POS health plan. // Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com =
In order to choose the best type of health plan for your situation, you need to understand the six important ways health plans can differ and how each of these will impact you.
Next, you need to learn how HMOs, PPOs, EPOs and POS plans each weigh in on those six comparison points. Points of Comparison: 6 Ways Health Plans Differ
The six basic ways HMOs, PPOs, EPOs and POS plans differ are:
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•Whether or not you’re required have a primary care physician. •Whether or not you’re required have a referral to see a specialist or get other services. •Whether or not you have to have health care services pre-authorized. •Whether or not the health plan will pay for care you get outside of its provider network. •How much cost-sharing you’re responsible to pay when you use your health insurance. •Whether or not you have to file insurance claims and do paperwork.
Understanding the Primary Care Physician Requirement
Some types of health insurance require you to have a primary care physician, otherwise known as a PCP. In these health plans, the role of the PCP is so important that the plan will assign a PCP to you if you don’ t quickly choose one from the plan’s list. Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com =
In these plans, the PCP is your main doctor and also coordinates all of your other health care services. For example, your PCP coordinates services you need like physical therapy or home oxygen. He or she also coordinates the care you receive from specialists.
Because your PCP decides whether or not you need to see a specialist or have a specific type of health care service or test, in these plans your PCP acts as a gatekeeper controlling your access to specialty health care services. // Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com =
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Understanding the Referral Requirement
Generally, health plans that require you to have a PCP also require you to have a referral from your PCP
before you see a specialist or get any other type of non-emergency health care service.
Understanding the Pre-Authorization Requirement
A pre-authorization or pre-approval requirement means the health insurance company requires you to
get permission from it for certain types of health care services before you’re allowed to get that care. If
you don’t get it pre-authorized, the health plan can refuse to pay for the service.
Understanding Out-Of-Network Care
HMOs, PPOs, EPOs and POS plans all have provider networks. This network is a list of
doctors, hospitals, labs and other providers that either have a contract with the health plan or, in some cases,
are employed by the health plan. Plans differ as to whether you’re allowed to get health care services from
providers who aren’t in their network.
If you see an out-of-network doctor or get your blood test done at an out-of-network lab, some health plans won’
t pay. You’ll be stuck paying the entire bill for the care you got out-of network.
Understanding Cost-Sharing
Cost-sharing involves you paying for a portion of your own health care expenses—you share the cost of your
health care with your health insurance company. Deductibles, copayments and coinsurance are all types of cost-
sharing. // Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com =
What All of the Acronyms Mean
HMO stands for health maintenance organization. HMOs tend to have low monthly premiums and low cost- sharing, but they require PCP referrals and won’t pay for care out-of-network except in emergencies.
PPO stands for preferred provider organization. PPOs got that name because they have a network of providers they prefer that you use, but they’ll still pay for out-of-network care. Given that they’re less restrictive than most other plan types, they tend to have higher monthly premiums and require higher cost-sharing.
EPO stands for exclusive provider organization. EPOs got that name because they have a network of providers they use exclusively. You must stick to providers on that list, or the EPO won’t pay. Think of an EPO as similar to a PPO but without the perk of out-of-network care.
POS stands for point of service plan. POS plans resemble an HMO but are less restrictive in that you’re allowed, under certain circumstances, to get care out-of-network like with a PPO. Like HMOs, many POS plans require you to have a PCP referral for all care whether it’s in or out-of-network.
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Which Is Best, an HMO, PPO, EPO or POS?
It depends on how comfortable you are with restrictions and how much you’re willing to pay. The more a health
plan limits your freedom of choice, say by not paying for out-of-network care or by requiring you to have a
referral from your doctor before you see a specialist, the less it will generally cost in premiums and in cost-
sharing. The more freedom of choice the plan permits, the more you’re likely to pay for that freedom.
Your job is to find the balance you're most comfortable with. If you want to keep your costs low and don't mind
the restrictions of having to stay in-network and having to get permission from your PCP to see a specialist, then
perhaps an HMO is for you. If you want to keep costs low, but having to get a referral for a specialist irks you,
consider an EPO. // Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com =
If you don't mind paying more, both in monthly premiums and cost-sharing, a PPO will give you both the flexibility
to go out-of-network and to see specialists without a referral. But, PPOs come with the extra work of having to
get pre-authorization from the insurer for expensive services.
The bottom line: there's no perfect health plan type. Each type is just a different balance point between benefits
vs restrictions, and between spending a lot vs spending less.
Insurance
A contract whereby, for specified consideration, one party undertakes to compensate the
other for a loss relating to a particular subject as a result of the occurrence of designated hazards.
The normal activities of daily life carry the risk of enormous financial loss. Many persons are willing to pay
a small amount for protection against certain risks because that protection provides valuable peace of
mind. The term insurance describes any measure taken for protection against risks
insurance premium
Definition of insurance premium: Financial cost of obtaining an insurance cover, paid as a lump sum or in
installments during the duration of the policy. A failure ...
In an insurance contract, one party, theinsured, pays a specified amount of money, called a premium, to
another party, the insurer. The insurer, in turn, agrees to compensate the insured for specific future
losses. The losses covered are listed in the contract, and the contract is called a policy.


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KNOWLEDGE FINANCIAL GROUP - Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
A health maintenance organization (HMO) is an alternative to traditional group health insurance. A
health maintenance organization (HMO) can be defined as an organized system of health care that
provides comprehensive health services to its members for a fixed, prepaid fee.
HMOs patients are limited in their choice of doctors. The doctors that HMOs will pay for must be
HMO-approved physicians.
========
Basic Characteristics Of HMO...
HMOs have certain characteristics that distinguish them from private health insurance and Blue
Cross-Blue Shield service plans. They include the following:
Organized plans to deliver health services to their members.
Broad, comprehensive health services.
Fixed, prepaid fees. Dual choice.
Physicians generally not paid by fee-for-service.
The HMO has the responsibility for organizing and delivering comprehensive health services to its
members. The HMO owns or leases medical facilities, enters into agreements with hospitals and
physicians to provide medical services, hires personnel and has general managerial control over the
various services provided.
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There are two basic types of HMOs. First, under a group practice
plan, physicians usually are employees of the HMO or an organization that contracts with the HMO, and
they are paid a salary. Most HMOs have a closed panel of physicians, and members are limited in their
choice of physicians to those employed by the plan.
The physicians typically are general practitioners or family practice specialists and other medical
specialists who practice medicine as a group and share facilities. Most HMO members are covered
under group practice plans.
The second type of HMO is an individual practice association plan (IPA). An IPA is an open panel of
physicians who work out of their own offices. The individual physicians contract with HMOs to treat
members on a per capita basis, a modified fee-for-service basis, or some other combination. For
example, physicians may be paid only 90 percent of their usual fees.
In addition, to encourage cost containment, most IPAs have risk-sharing agreements with participating
physicians. A bonus is paid if plan experience is better than expected. Finally, an open-ended HMO is a
newer type of HMO that is rapidly growing in importance. An open-ended HMO is one that allows
members to receive medical care from non-HMO providers, but at reduced benefit levels.
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An HMO also provides broad comprehensive health services to its members. Most services are
covered in full, with few maximum limits on individual services. However, many HMOs now have limits
on the amounts paid for the treatment of alcoholism and drug addiction.
Covered services typically include the full costs of hospitalization, all necessary medical services for
acute care, surgeons' and physicians' fees, maternity care, laboratory and x-ray services, outpatient
services, special-duty nursing and many other services.
All office visits to HMO physicians are also covered either in full or at a nominal charge for each visit.
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A member of an HMO pays a fixed prepaid fee (usually paid monthly) and is provided with a wide range
of comprehensive health services. Deductibles and coinsurance are not emphasized. However, many
HMOs now apply a coinsurance percentage to certain diseases, such as alcoholism, drug addiction or
outpatient treatment of mental illness.
Some persons are dissatisfied with the medical care provided by an HMO. Therefore, the members can
elect to remain in the HMO or participate in a group health insurance plan, including Blue Cross and
Blue Shield. The aim is to offer the members an alternative (dual choice) to the HMO if they become
dissatisfied, thereby conforming to the traditional concept of freedom of choice.
Finally, under the Health Maintenance Organization Act, employers with 25 or more employees must
make an HMO option available if a federally qualified HMO is located in the area. This option allows
employees who are covered under traditional group health insurance plans to become members of an
HMO.
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Preferred Provider Organizations
A preferred provider organization (PPO) can be defined as a group of health care providers that
contracts with employers, insurers or other third-party payers to provide health care services to the
group members at a reduced fee.
The employer, insurer or other group negotiates contracts with physicians, hospitals and other
providers of care to provide certain health care services to the group members. The providers of care,
however, provide their services at a reduced fee.
In return, the employer or insurer promises prompt payment and an increased patient volume. To
encourage patients to use the PPO providers, deductibles or copayment charges may be reduced or
waived.
Also, the patient may be charged a lower fee for certain routine treatments or offered increased
benefits, such as preventive health care services.
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PPOs should not be confused with HMOs. There are two important differences between them. First,
PPOs do not provide medical care on a prepaid basis. The PPO providers are paid on a fee-for-service
basis as their services are used. However, the fees charged are below the providers' regular fees.
Second, unlike an HMO, employees are not required to use the PPO, but have freedom of choice each
time they need care. However, employees have a financial incentive to use PPO providers, since
deductibles and copayment charges may be reduced or waived.
PPOs have the major advantage of controlling health care costs, since fees are negotiated at a
discount with the participating providers of health care services. PPOs also help physicians to build up
their practice. Employees benefit since they have a greater selection of health care providers than
under an HMO, and deductibles and coinsurance are reduced or waived.
The insurance industry occupies a dual role in the American economy. The primary role is assuming
risks for individuals and businesses through the sale of insurance. In addition, the insurance industry
provides employment for thousands of people and pays hundreds of millions of dollars in taxes to all
levels of government.
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Insurance can be defined as a means to reduce risk or the uncertainty of loss by bringing together
enough entities exposed to loss to make their individual losses collectively predictable, often referred
to as the "Law of Large Numbers."
The three most prevalent types of insurance companies are
stock insurance companies, mutual insurance companies and
fraternal insurance companies.
Stock insurance companies, like other stock corporations, are owned by their stockholders, who elect a
board of directors to direct the management of the company. Stockholders are entitled to receive their
share of any profits distributed by the company.
Stock insurance companies normally issue nonparticipating policies which, because they do not
receive dividends, usually have lower guaranteed premiums than do participating policies. Stock
companies may also issue participating policies.
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Mutual insurance companies differ from stock insurance companies in that they do not have any stock
or stockholders. Instead, they are owned by their policyowners, who elect a board to direct the
management of the company.
Mutual companies issue participating policies that are entitled to receive dividends reflecting the
difference between the premiums charged and the actual cost of providing the insurance benefits.
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Fraternal insurance companies are a unique type of insurance company in that they are formed by
fraternal orders for the dual purpose of performing certain social and benevolent functions for their
members and of providing insurance on the lives of members.
Many fraternal benefit societies now offer much the same type of life insurance coverages as do
regular commercial companies.
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