U. S . FINANCIAL SYSTEM
KNOWLEDGEFINANCIAL.COM
UNITED STATES FINANCIAL SYSTEM AND THE ENTIRE WORLD
1-AMERICA’S MONEY CRISIS / Bailout 101. LEARN ABOUT: The top 6 Biggest U.S. Government Financial Bailouts In History!
2-LEARN ABOUT MARKET CRASHES HISTORY. HOW AND WHEN?
3-LEARN ABOUT: THE UNITED STATE,  AND THE WORLD MOST IMPORTANT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS!
4-LEARN ABOUT THE COMPLETE FINANCIAL TURMOIL, THE CREDIT CRISIS!     ---- SEE BELOW ---
A step by step guide to gaining control of
your financial life.
Setting priorities
Here's help for the first -- and often the
hardest -- step in achieving your financial
goals: deciding which goals to pursue.

LESSON 2
Making a budget, saving money
How to bring your spending under control,
so that you get the most out of every dollar.

LESSON 3
Basics of banking and saving
Here's how to get the best banking services
at the best price, either online or off.

LESSON 4
Basics of investing
An introduction to making money in stocks,
bonds and mutual funds REIT'S, real
estate.

LESSON 5
Investing in stocks
The market can be a great place to turn
savings into wealth -- or to lose your shirt.
Here are some fundamentals of investing
wisely.

LESSON 6
Investing in mutual funds
It's a mutual-fund jungle out there. Here's
how to create a simple portfolio that works.

LESSON 7
Investing in bonds
Bonds can provide a steady and
reasonably secure income, while adding
ballast to your portfolio--but only if you
really understand what you're buying.

LESSON 8
Buying a home
Owning your home is part of the American
Dream, but if you’re not prepared, buying it
can be a nightmare. Here are some
fundamentals for buyers and sellers.

LESSON 9
Controlling debt
You've got to know when to hold debt--and
when to fold it. This lesson shows you how
to accomplish your financial goals by
making debt work for you.

LESSON 10
Home Selling
WAYS TO SELL A PROPERTY FAST AND
EASY FOR THE TOP PRICE!
Selling a home is a big decision and
requires a lot of work. From getting the
house ready to reviewing the escrow
papers, our helpful guide will walk you
through the process of selling your home.

LESSON 11
INSURANCE
Health Insurance, Life Insurance, Home
Insurance, Car Insurance
Great things to know about insurance

Buying a car, Auto loans. Great things to
know:
Buying a car is like no other shopping
experience. The choices seem to be
endless. This lesson helps you sort through
your options.

FINANCIAL FREEDOM: A SMARTEST
WAY TO PREPARE A BETTER FUTURE.
YOUR PATH TO WEALTH STARTS RIGHT
NOW.
It's a fact: today, anyone can become a
millionaire
–  In the history of the world, there has
never been
a better time to create wealth than right
here, right
now in real estate.

THE 16 DAYS THAT SHOOCK THE US
ECONOMY IN SEPTEMBER, 2008.

AMERICA’S MONEY CRISIS / Bailout 101:
What new law says. What it is about?
What's included in it?

Here's a rundown of key provisions of the
financial rescue plan that United State
Senate voted, Wednesday October 1; and
the house voted Friday October 3, 2008.

SMALL BUSINESS, METHODS,
TECHNIQUES, AND STRATEGIES.
Business structures 101
LLP, LLC, S-corp and C-corp: It's not just
alphabet soup! A breakdown of what you
need to know, in layman's terms.


nvestments and Business Opportunities
/ Franchise & Business Opportunities for
all Buying a Franchise: A Consumer
Guide
When you buy a franchise, you often can
sell goods and services that have
instant name recognition, and get
training and support that can help you
succeed. But purchasing a franchise is
like every other investment: there’s no
guarantee of success.
SAVE YOUR HOME, SAVE YOUR CREDIT, REDUCE YOUR MONTHLY PAYMENT, AVOID FORECLOSURE.

“WE WAN TO HELP YOU SAVE YOUR HOME”
DON’T WAIT UNTILL IT’S TOO LATE TO ASK US FOR HELP!
WE CAN HELP YOU EXPLORE YOUR OPTIONS…
IIN FLORIDA,  BUYING SELLING, LEASING A PROPERTY. IT'S THE AFFAIR OF A
REAL ESTATE PROFESSIONAL.
CALL Mr. ANTONY AT: 786- --Fortune Int.  Realty.
Market Crashes: The Great Depression (1929)

When: October 21, 24 and 29, 1929

Where: USA


The amount the market declined from peak to bottom: A string of terrible days led to a more than 40% drop in the market from the
beginning of September 1929 to the end of October 1929. In fact, the market continued to decline until July 1932 when it bottomed out,
down nearly 90% from its 1929 highs.

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Market Crashes: The Crash of 1987

When: October 19, 1987
Where: USA

The amount the market declined from peak to bottom: 508.32 points, 22.6%, or $500 billion lost in one day. The largest one-day
percentage drop in history.

Synopsis: This was the crash that everyone expected but could not justify because of the work of the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission, which is the governing body President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered after the depression. The SEC - which was
established for the prevention of further crashes and fraudulent practices that had infected the stock market

The SEC, however, could take investors to the proper information but couldn't make them think. In the early '60s and '70s, investors
looked not at the value of the company but at the appeal of its public image and the vernacular used to describe it. The following kinds
of over-embellished company sketches would attract the public eye:
Market Crashes: The Asian Crisis

When: 1989 - Ongoing
Where: Southeast Asia but primarily Japan

The Japanese have an uncanny ability to enhance what they adopt from the Americans
(market economy). Sadly, the Japanese have picked up on crashes as well and made theirs
a lot bigger than any one historical American crash. The crash of the Nikkei has morphed
into a massive, surly bear that attacks any signs of recovery. It all started with the a
boom/bull market of the 1980s….


The Japanese economy gained extreme strength after its long recovery from the war and
the atomic bombs. By coupling with the other emerging southeast Asian economies to form
an unstoppable economic force, Japan seemed to create a flawless realization of Keiretsu.
The phrase Japan Inc. was coined to describe how Japanese economy, business, and
government were intertwined.

Businesses from all over the world were sending representatives to try and find out how
Japan was gaining its success. In true business fashion, the Japanese built an industry
around visitors with company expense accounts and profited off the corporate spies. Soon,
the Asian economy became an alternative for investors who were recently bruised by 1987.

Between 1955 and 1990, land prices in Japan appreciated by 70 times and stocks
increased 100 times over. Trading became the national sport, and the Japanese jumped
into the market with more blind confidence than that of the Americans of the 1920s. During
the eighties, large Tokyo firms were worth more individually than all their American
counterparts combined, and Japanese golf courses were worth more than the value of all
the stocks on the Australian exchange.
Market Crashes: The Dotcom Crash

When: March 11, 2000 to October 9, 2002
Where: Silicon Valley (for the most part)

Percentage Lost From Peak to Bottom: The Nasdaq Composite lost 78% of its value as it fell from
5046.86 to 1114.11.

Decades before the word "dotcom" slipped past our lips as the answer to all of our problems, the
internet was created by the U.S. military, who vastly underestimated how much people would want
to be online. Commercially the internet started to catch on in 1995 with an estimated 18 million
users. The rise in usage meant an untapped market--an international market. Soon, speculators were
barely able to control their excitement over the "new economy."

The IPOs of internet companies emerged with ferocity and frequency, sweeping the nation up in
euphoria. Investors were blindly grabbing every new issue without even looking at a business plan to
find out, for example, how long the company would take before making a profit, if ever.

Obviously, there was a problem. The first shots through this bubble came from the companies
themselves: many reported huge losses and some folded outright within months of their offering.
Siliconaires were moving out of $4 million estates and back to the room above their parents'
garage. In the year 1999, there were 457 IPOs, most of

which were internet and technology related. Of those 457 IPOs, 117 doubled in price on the first
day of trading. In 2001 the number of IPOs dwindled to 76, and none of them doubled on the first
day of trading.

Many argue that the dotcom boom and bust was a case of too much too fast.
When Fear And Greed Take Over

Greed's Influence
So often investors get caught up in greed ("excessive desire"). After all, most
of us have a desire to acquire as much wealth as possible in the shortest
amount of time.
The Internet boom of the late 1990s is a perfect example. At the time it seemed
all an advisor had to do was simply pitch any investment with a ".com" at the
end of it, and investors leaped at the opportunity. Buying activity in
Internet-related stocks, many just start-ups, reached a fever pitch. Investors
got greedy, fueling further greed and leading to securities being grossly
overpriced, which created a bubble. It burst in mid-2000 and kept leading
indexes depressed through 2001

Fear's Influence
Just as the market can become overwhelmed with greed, the same can
happen with fear ("an unpleasant, often strong emotion, of anticipation or
awareness of danger"). When stocks suffer large losses for a sustained
period, the overall market can become more fearful of sustaining further
losses. But being too fearful can be just as costly as being too greedy.

Just as greed dominated the market during the dotcom boom, the same can be
said of the prevalence of fear following its bust. In a bid to stem their losses,
investors quickly moved out of the equity (stock) markets in search of less
risky buys.
Why Housing Market Bubbles Pop

The Causes of a Housing Market Bubble
The price of housing, like the price of any good or service in a free market, is
driven by supply and demand. When demand increases and/or supply
decreases, prices go up. In the absence of a natural disaster that might
decrease the supply of housing, prices rise because demand trends outpace
current supply trends.

Just as important is that the supply of housing is slow to react to increases in
demand because it takes a long time to build a house, and in highly
developed areas there simply isn't any more land to build on. So, if there is a
sudden or prolonged increase in demand,
prices are sure to rise.


The Forces that Cause the Bubble to Burst
The bubble bursts when excessive risk-taking becomes pervasive throughout
the housing system. This happens while the supply of housing is still
increasing. In other words, demand decreases while supply increases, resulting
in a fall in prices.

This pervasiveness of risk throughout the system is triggered by losses suffered
by homeowners, mortgage lenders, mortgage investors and property investors.
Those losses could be triggered by a number of things, including:

An increase in interest rates that puts homeownership out of reach for some
buyers and, in some instances, makes the home a person currently owns
unaffordable,

leading to default and foreclosure, which eventually adds to supply.

A downturn in general economic activity that leads to less disposable income,
job loss and/or fewer available jobs, which decreases the demand for housing.

Demand is exhausted, bringing supply and demand into equilibrium and
slowing the rapid pace of home price appreciation that some homeowners,
particularly speculators, count on to make their purchases affordable or
profitable.

When rapid price appreciation stagnates, those who count on it to afford their
homes long term might lose their homes, bringing more supply to the market.

The bottom line is that when loses mount, credit standards are tightened, easy
mortgage borrowing is no longer available, demand decreases, supply
increases, speculators leave the market and prices fall.
Credit Crisis

What Does Credit Crisis Mean?
A crisis that occurs when several financial institutions issue or are sold high-risk
loans that start to default. As borrowers default on their loans, the financial
institutions that issued the loans stop receiving payments. This is followed by a
period in which financial institutions redefine the riskiness of borrowers, making
it difficult for debtors to find creditors.

Credit Crisis
In the case of a credit crisis, banks either do not charge enough interest on
loans or pay too much for the securitized loan, or the rating system does not
rate the risk of the loans correctly. A crisis occurs when several factors combine
in the marketplace, affecting a large number of investors.

For example, banks will charge teaser rates on loans, but when the initial low
payments change, they become too high for borrowers to pay. The borrowers
default on the loans, and the loan's collateral value simultaneously drops. If
enough lending institutions reduce the number of new loans issued, the
economy will slow down, making it even harder for other borrowers to pay their
loans.
Complete Financial Turmoil
The Dow would plummet 3,600 points from the September 19, 2008, intraday
high of 11,483 to the October 10, 2008, intraday low of 7,882. The following is a
recap of the major U.S. events that unfolded during this historic three-week period.

September 21, 2008: Goldman Sachs (NYSE:GS) and Morgan Stanley
(NYSE:MS), the last two of the major investment banks still standing, convert from
investment banks to bank holding companies in order to gain more flexibility for
obtaining bailout funding.

September 25, 2008: After a 10-day bank run, the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC) seizes Washington Mutual, then the nation's largest savings
and loan, which had been heavily exposed to subprime mortgage debt. Its assets
are transferred to JPMorgan Chase (NYSE:JPM).

September 28, 2008: The TARP bailout plan stalls in Congress.
September 29, 2008: The Dow declines 774 points (6.98%), the largest point drop
in history. Also, Citigroup (NYSE:C) acquires Wachovia, then the fourth-largest
U.S. bank.

October 3, 2008: A reworked $700 billion TARP plan, renamed the Emergency
Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, passes a bipartisan vote in Congress. (U.S.
bailouts date all the way back to 1792. Learn how the biggest ones affected the
economy in Top 6 U.S. Government Financial Bailouts.)

October 6, 2008: The Dow closes below 10,000 for the first time since 2004.
October 22, 2008: President Bush announces that he will host an international
conference of financial leaders on November 15, 2008.
The Collapse of Lehman Brothers

On September 15, 2008, Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy. With $639 billion
in assets and $619 billion in debt, Lehman's bankruptcy filing was the largest in
history, as its assets far surpassed those of previous bankrupt giants such as
WorldCom and Enron. Lehman was the fourth-largest U.S. investment bank at the
time of its collapse, with 25,000 employees worldwide. Lehman's demise also
made it the largest victim, of the U.S. subprime mortgage-induced financial crisis
that swept through global financial markets in 2008. Lehman's collapse was a
seminal event that greatly intensified the 2008 crisis and contributed to the
erosion of close to $10 trillion in market capitalization from global equity markets
in October 2008, the biggest monthly decline on record at the time. (

The History of Lehman Brothers
Lehman Brothers had humble origins, tracing its roots back to a small general
store that was founded by German immigrant Henry Lehman in Montgomery,
Alabama, in 1844. In

1850, Henry Lehman and his brothers, Emanuel and Mayer, founded Lehman
Brothers.

While the firm prospered over the following decades as the U.S. economy grew
into an international powerhouse, Lehman had to contend with plenty of
challenges over the years. Lehman survived them all – the railroad bankruptcies
of the 1800s, the Great Depression of the 1930s, two world wars, a capital shortage
when it was spun off by American Express in 1994, and the Long Term Capital
Management collapse and Russian debt default of 1998. However, despite its
ability to survive past disasters, the collapse of the U.S. housing market ultimately
brought Lehman Brothers to its knees, as its headlong rush into the subprime
mortgage market proved to be a disastrous step.
Troubled Asset Relief Program - TARP

What Does Troubled Asset Relief Program - TARP Mean?
A government program created for the establishment and management of a Treasury
fund, in an attempt to curb the ongoing financial crisis of 2007-2008. The TARP gives
the U.S. Treasury purchasing power of $700 billion to buy up mortgage backed
securities (MBS) from institutions across the country, in an attempt to create liquidity
and un-seize the money markets. The fund was created by a bill that was made law on
October 3, 2008 with the passage of H.R. 1424 enacting the Emergency Economic
Stabilization Act of 2008. The Treasury will be given $250 billion immediately, and the
President must certify additional funds as they are needed. The additional funds will be
distributed as $100 billion, and then as the final $350 billion is given, Congress has
the right to not approve the additional amounts.


Troubled Asset Relief Program - TARP
Global credit markets came to a near stand still in September 2008, as several major
financial institutions, such as Lehman Brothers, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and
American International Group, went under.

In a few surprising moves, heavyweights Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley even
changed their charter to become commercial banks, in an attempt to stabilize their
capital situation. The bailout will attempt to increase the liquidity of the secondary
mortgage markets by purchasing the illiquid MBS, and through that, reducing the
potential losses that could be felt by the institutions who currently own them.

In October of 2008, revisions to the program were announced by Treasury Secretary
Paulson and President Bush; allowing for the first $250 billion to be used to buy equity
stakes in nine major U.S. banks, and many smaller banks. This program demands that
companies involved lose some tax benefits, and in many cases incur limits on
executive compensation.


TARP to the Rescue
The sum total of the events of September 2008 brought the market to its knees and
pushed the government to explore a bailout for Wall Street. It had to be flexible, it had
to get to the heart of the issue and it needed to be passed quickly.

The initial proposal for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) was to allow banks,
brokers and insurance companies to sell residential and commercial mortgage-backed
assets to the government, establishing a floor for distressed asset prices. The
government wanted to get the toxic assets off the balance sheets of banks and
financial intermediaries to unclog the credit markets and restore liquidity.
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
On October 3, 2008, President Bush signed the $700 billion, Emergency Economic
Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA).

Sometimes referred to as the "TARP Act", it included several provisions. One of those
provisions gave the U.S. Treasury broad authority to purchase, manage, modify, sell and
insure mortgage-related assets as well as any other financial instrument deemed
necessary to stabilize financial markets, including equity markets.

The other provisions of EESA were aimed at bolstering the economy and restoring
confidence in the banking system. Some of these include:

Amendment to the HOPE for Homeowners program, so the Treasury can more directly
participate in minimizing homeowner foreclosures (For related reading, see Rate Freeze
To Cool Mortgage Meltdown.)

Temporary increase in FDIC insurance from $100,000 to $250,000 (through December 31,
2009)
Authorization of the Securities And Exchange Commission (SEC) to suspend
mark-to-market accounting requirements for any issuer, class, or category of assets
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009  is a stimulus package enacted by
the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on
February 17, 2009. The Act of Congress was based largely on proposals made by
President Obama and is intended to provide a stimulus to the U.S. economy in the wake
of the economic downturn.

The measures are nominally worth $787 billion. The Act includes federal tax cuts,
expansion of unemployment benefits and other social welfare provisions, and domestic
spending in education, health care, and infrastructure, including the energy sector.

The Act also includes numerous non-economic recovery related items that were either
part of longer-term plans (e.g. a study of the effectiveness of medical treatments) or
desired by Congress (e.g. a limitation on executive compensation in federally aided banks
added by Senator Dodd and Rep. Frank).

The government action is much larger than the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008, which
consisted primarily of tax rebate checks.
The bill was first approved by the House of Representatives, and then by the Senate.
Congressional negotiators announced on February 11 that they had completed the
Conference Report of the bill.[1] The Conference Report with final handwritten provisions
was made available to the public on February 13.  On that day, the Conference Report
was voted on and passed as Roll Call Vote 70 by the House, 246-183.

The vote was largely along party lines with all 246 Yea votes given by Democrats and the
Nay vote split between 176 Republicans and 7 Democrats.  No Republicans in the House
voted for the bill.

Later that day, the Senate passed the bill, 60-38, with all Democrats and Independents
voting for the bill along with three Republicans.  The remaining 38 Republican senators
voted against the bill.  The bill was signed into law on February 17 by President Obama at
an economic forum he was hosting in Denver, Colorado.
The World Bank

What Does The World Bank Mean?
An international organization dedicated to providing financing, advice and
research to developing nations to aid their economic advancement.

The World Bank
The World Bank
The World Bank was created at the end of World War II as a result of many
European and Asian countries needing financing to fund reconstruction efforts.
Created out of the Bretton Woods agreement of 1944, the Bank was successful in
providing financing for these devastated countries. Today, the Bank functions as an
international organization that attempts to fight poverty by offering developmental
assistance to middle and poor-income countries. By giving loans, and offering
advice and training in both the private and public sectors, the World Bank aims to
eliminate poverty by helping people help themselves.
Securities And Exchange Commission - SEC

What Does Securities And Exchange Commission - SEC Mean?
A government commission created by Congress to regulate the securities markets
and protect investors. In addition to regulation and protection, it also monitors the
corporate takeovers in the U.S. The SEC is composed of five commissioners
appointed by the U.S. President and approved by the Senate. The statutes
administered by the SEC are designed to promote full public disclosure and to
protect the investing public against fraudulent and manipulative practices in the
securities markets. Generally, most issues of securities offered in interstate
commerce, through the mail or on the internet must be registered with the SEC.

Securities And Exchange Commission - SEC
Here's an example of an activity that falls within the SEC's domain: if someone
purchases more than 5% of a company's equity, he or she must report to the SEC
within 10 days of the purchase because of the takeover threats it may cause.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - FDIC

What Does Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - FDIC Mean?
The U.S. corporation insuring deposits in the U.S. against bank failure. The FDIC was
created in 1933 to maintain public confidence and encourage stability in the financial
system through the promotion of sound banking practices.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - FDIC
The FDIC will insure deposits of up to US$250,000 per institution as long as the bank is
a member firm.

Before opening an account with a financial institution, be sure to check that it is FDIC
insured.
Federal Reserve Bank

What Does Federal Reserve Bank Mean?
The banks that carry out Fed operations, including controlling the money supply and
regulating member banks. There are 12 District Feds, headquartered in Boston, New
York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, St. Louis, San Francisco, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago,
Minneapolis, Kansas City and Dallas.

They are also known as "district Feds".

explains Federal Reserve Bank
These banks are the operating arms of the central bank. They implement the policies
of the Federal Reserve Board and also carry out economic research.

Federal Reserve System - FRS

What Does Federal Reserve System - FRS Mean?
The central bank of the United States. The Fed, as it is commonly called, regulates the
U.S. monetary and financial system. The Federal Reserve System is composed of a
central governmental agency in Washington, D.C. (the Board of Governors) and twelve
regional Federal Reserve Banks in major cities throughout the United States.

explains Federal Reserve System - FRS
You can divide the Federal Reserve's duties into four general areas:

. Regulating banking institutions and protecting the credit rights of consumers
3. Maintaining the stability of the financial system
4. Providing financial services to the U.S. government
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


The Federal Reserve: What Is The Fed?

The Federal Reserve was created by the U.S. Congress in 1913. Before that, the U.S.
lacked any formal organization for studying and implementing monetary policy.
Consequently markets were often unstable and the public had very little faith in the
banking system. The Fed is an independent entity, but is subject to oversight from
Congress. Basically, this means that decisions do not have to be ratified by the
President or anyone else in the government, but Congress periodically reviews the
Fed's activities.



The Fed is headed by a government agency in Washington known as the Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve. The Board of Governors consists of seven
presidential appointees, each of whom serves 14 year terms. All members must be
confirmed by the Senate and can be reappointed. The board is led by a chairman and
a vice chairman, each appointed by the President and approved by the Senate for four-
year terms. The current chair is Ben Bernanke, who took over for Alan Greenspan on
February 1, 2006. Greenspan had been chairman since 1987.


There are 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks located in
major cities around the country that operate under the
supervision of the Board of Governors. Reserve Banks
act as the operating arm of the central bank and do most
of the work of the Fed. The banks generate their own
income from four main sources:
Services provided to banks
Interest earned on government securities acquired while carrying out the work of the
Federal Reserve
Income from foreign currency held
Interest on loans to depository institutions
The income gathered from these activities is used to finance day to day operations,
including information gathering and economic research. Any excess income is
funneled back into the U.S. Treasury.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The system also includes the Federal Open Market
Committee, better known as the
FOMC. This is the policy-making branch of the Federal Reserve. Traditionally,
the chair of the board is also selected as the chair of the FOMC. The voting
members of the FOMC are the seven members of the Board of Governors, the
president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and presidents of four other
Reserve Banks who serve on a one-year rotating basis.

All Reserve Bank presidents participate in FOMC policy discussions whether they
are voting members or not. The FOMC makes the important decisions on interest
rates and other monetary policies. This is the reason why they get most of the
attention in the media. We'll talk about the FOMC in detail later.

Finally, all national banks and some state-chartered banks are part of the Federal
Reserve System. They are referred to as member banks.
International Monetary Fund - IMF

What Does International Monetary Fund - IMF Mean?
An international organization created for the purpose of:

1. Promoting global monetary and exchange stability.

2. Facilitating the expansion and balanced growth of international
trade.

3. Assisting in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments
for current transactions.

Investopedia explains International Monetary Fund - IMF
The IMF plays three major roles in the global monetary system. The
Fund surveys and monitors economic and financial developments,
lends funds to countries with balance-of-payment difficulties, and
provides technical assistance and training for countries requesting it.
Inter-American Development Bank -
IDB

What Does Inter-American Development
Bank - IDB Mean?
A cooperative development bank founded in 1959 to
accelerate the economic and social development of its
Latin American and Caribbean member countries. The
Inter-American Development Bank is owned by a total of 47
member countries including the United States and some
European nations. The IDB assists Latin American and
Caribbean countries in formulating development policies
and provides financing and technical assistance to achieve
environmentally sustainable economic growth, increase
competitiveness, enhance social equity, fight poverty,
modernize the state, and foster free trade and regional
integration.

Inter-American Development Bank -
IDB
The funds that the Inter-American Development Bank lends
to its member countries are raised in the bond market. The
bonds are backed by the loans the IDB makes, which carry
the guarantee of capital pledged by the Bank's non-
borrowing members. The bonds are triple-A rated and
issued at market rates. The triple-A rating helps to keep
borrowing costs for the member countries low.
Top 6 Biggest U.S. Government Financial Bailouts In History!

The passage into U.S. law on October 3, 2008, of the $700 billion financial-sector rescue plan is the latest in the long history of U.S. government bailouts that go back to the Panic of 1792,
when the federal government bailed out the 13 United States, which were over-burdened by their debt from the Revolutionary War.
It also marked the fourth time in 2008 that the government interceded to prevent the ruin of a private enterprise or the entire financial sector.

In addition to the $700 billion bailout, this article will look at five financial crunches in the past century that necessitated government intervention:

The Great Depression
The savings and loan bailout of 1989
The Savings and Loan Bailout of 1989

America's savings and loan institutions (S&Ls), originally created to provide mortgage loans to prospective homeowners, were a nationwide group of conservative, fiscally responsible lenders
that helped spur the housing boom that followed the end of World War II.

The S&Ls usually paid a slightly higher interest rate on deposits than banks and offered premiums and gifts to attract depositor dollars away from banks, the more traditional repositories of
cash.

The collapse of Bear Stearns, an investment bank and brokerage firm

American International Group (AIG), an insurance colossus with global reach

Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, two government-backed mortgage lenders
Bank Rescue of 2008

Officially called the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, this bailout bill surpassed any previous government bailout by hundreds of billions of dollars.

The principal mandate of the legislation was to authorize the U.S. Treasury to buy risky and nonperforming debt from various lending institutions. These debts would include:

mortgages
auto loans
college loans
an ambiguous "other" in the bill, which allows for broad interpretation
Part of the bill authorizes a cash infusion of $250 billion into the banking system to facilitate and encourage bank-to-bank loans and other types of lending. (Read more about the role of
the Treasury.

With the Treasury's purchase of a bank's or mortgage lender's bad debt, the resulting cash infusion will restore liquidity – and hopefully, confidence – to the banking system. Lending
between banks and to consumers and business ventures is then expected to resume, thus lubricating the wheels of the U.S. economy
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