| Introduction To Money Market Mutual Funds Investors interested in the money market can access it most easily through money market mutual funds, but these vehicles do not let smaller investors off the hook when it comes to having a rudimentary understanding of the Treasury bills, commercial paper, bankers acceptances, repurchase agreements and certificates of deposit that make up the bulk of money market mutual fund portfolios. In this article, we'll show you how money market funds work and how they can benefit you. --------------------------------- Purpose of Money Market Mutual Funds for Investors There are three instances when money market mutual funds, because of their liquidity, are particularly suitable investments. Money market mutual funds offer a convenient parking place for cash reserves when an investor is not quite ready to make an investment or is anticipating a near-term cash outlay for a non-investment purpose. Money market mutual funds offer ultimate safety and liquidity. This means that investors will have an expected sum of cash at the very moment that they need it. ----------------- An investor holding a basket of mutual funds from a single fund company may occasionally want to transfer assets from one fund to another. If, however, the investor wants to sell a fund before deciding on another fund to purchase, a money market mutual fund offered by the same fund company may be a good place to park the proceeds of sale. Then, at the appropriate time, the investor may exchange his or her money market mutual fund holdings for shares of the other funds in the fund family. To benefit their clients, brokerage firms regularly use money market mutual funds to provide cash management services. Putting a client's dormant cash into money market mutual funds will earn the client an extra percentage point (or two) in annual returns above those earned by other possible investments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Operational Details of Money Market Mutual Funds Money market mutual funds are designed to offer features that are particularly suited to the needs of small investors. Minimum initial investments generally range from $500 to $5,000. You can purchase money market mutual funds directly from brokerage companies or mutual fund firms, just as you would purchase a stock or equity mutual. As investment advisors, some banks also sell money market funds and some even have their own proprietary funds that offer money market investment opportunities. These should not be confused with money market accounts, which are interest-earnings savings accounts. Money market mutual funds also offer some simplified withdrawal features that are more typically associated with bank or trust accounts. For example, money market funds allow investors to withdraw assets by writing checks, usually of a minimum amount, say, $500 per check. If the investor does not want to write a check as a means of withdrawing funds, he or she can easily redeem shares by requesting payment by mail or by remittance through a wire transfer to his or her bank account. |
| Money Market Funds For over 30 years, money market funds have treated investors well. Money market funds have been around for over 35 years and are a very popular place for investors to park their money. How popular? As of Feb. 21, 2007, 2.3 trillion dollars worth of popularity! Money market funds are a type of mutual fund that invests in short-term (less than a year) debt securities of agencies of the U.S. Government, banks and corporations and U.S. Treasury Bills. They are fixed at $1 per share and only the yield fluctuates. Banks prefer you never hear about the 1000-plus money market funds available to investors. These funds offer advantages that savings accounts, checking accounts and CD's can't beat, including: ---------------------------------- High Liquidity Money market funds are very liquid, meaning you can take money out of them on short notice. There is no penalty for taking money out of your money market fund, unlike Certificates of Deposit (CD's) that impose large fees for withdrawing your money. You can also write checks from your money market account (typically three a month). Low Risk Money market funds are not FDIC insured, but they are still very secure because they are holding very safe investments like t-bills. Government debt securities are considered very safe because the government has the ability to raise taxes to meet its obligations. It is virtually impossible to lose your principle in money market funds. To top it off, most mutual fund companies carry some sort of insurance to cover your assets. Competitive Yields Your checking and savings accounts will have a tough time beating the yield of a money market fund. Money market funds return an average of 4 to 6 percent a year, which rivals the return of CD's. The interest is calculated daily, but only paid out at the end of the month unless you sell the fund, then it is paid at that time. Money Market Funds Widely Used As mentioned earlier, about 2.36 trillion dollars of investors' money was in money market funds in 2007. If you sell a stock or a mutual fund, your broker or fund company will typically move your proceeds into a money market account so you can collect interest. Also, when you open an account with most brokerage firms or fund companies, your money is typically put into a money market account until you are ready to purchase bonds or equities. Money market funds are clearly a smart place to hold your money. If you are between investments, saving for a house, saving for a vehicle purchase, or just looking for a safe place to put money, I urge you to put the money in a money market fund. There is no reason to hold large amounts of money at the bank. ---------------------------------- What is a Certificate of Deposit Answer: A certificate of deposit ("CD") is a short to medium-term, FDIC insured investment available at banks and savings and loan institutions. Customers agree to lend money to the institutions for a certain amount of time. In exchange for doing so, the customers is paid a predetermined rate of interest. Often, banks will charge a penalty fee if the money is withdrawn from the CD before it matures. The purpose of this Estimator is to help you understand your share insurance protection. |
| Bond Basics: Different Types Of Bonds Government Bonds In general, fixed-income securities are classified according to the length of time before maturity. These are the three main categories: Bills - debt securities maturing in less than one year. Notes - debt securities maturing in one to 10 years. Bonds - debt securities maturing in more than 10 years. Marketable securities from the U.S. government - known collectively as Treasuries - follow this guideline and are issued as Treasury bonds, Treasury notes and Treasury bills (T-bills). Technically speaking, T-bills aren't bonds because of their short maturity. (You can read more about T-bills in our Money Market tutorial.) All debt issued by Uncle Sam is regarded as extremely safe, as is the debt of any stable country. The debt of many developing countries, however, does carry substantial risk. Like companies, countries can default on payments.  Municipal Bonds Municipal bonds, known as "munis", are the next progression in terms of risk. Cities don't go bankrupt that often, but it can happen. The major advantage to munis is that the returns are free from federal tax. Furthermore, local governments will sometimes make their debt non-taxable for residents, thus making some municipal bonds completely tax free. Because of these tax savings, the yield on a muni is usually lower than that of a taxable bond. Depending on your personal situation, a muni can be a great investment on an after-tax basis. Corporate Bonds A company can issue bonds just as it can issue stock. Large corporations have a lot of flexibility as to how much debt they can issue: the limit is whatever the market will bear. Generally, a short-term corporate bond is less than five years; intermediate is five to 12 years, and long term is over 12 years. Corporate bonds are characterized by higher yields because there is a higher risk of a company defaulting than a government. The upside is that they can also be the most rewarding fixed-income investments because of the risk the investor must take on. The company's credit quality is very important: the higher the quality, the lower the interest rate the investor receives. Other variations on corporate bonds include convertible bonds, which the holder can convert into stock, and callable bonds, which allow the company to redeem an issue prior to maturity. Treasury bonds (T-Bonds, or the long bond) have the longest maturity, from ten years to thirty years. They have coupon payment every six months like T-Notes, and are commonly issued with maturity of thirty years. The secondary market is highly liquid, so the yield on the most recent T-Bond offering was commonly used as a proxy for long-term interest rates in general. This role has largely been taken over by the 10-year note, as the size and frequency of long-term bond issues declined significantly in the 1990s and early 2000s. The U.S. Federal government stopped issuing the well-known 30-year Treasury bonds (often called long-bonds) on October 31, 2001. As the U.S. government used its budget surpluses to pay down the Federal debt in the late 1990s, the 10-year Treasury note began to replace the 30-year Treasury bond as the general, most-followed metric of the U.S. bond market. However, due to demand from pension funds and large, long- term institutional investors, along with a need to diversify the Treasury's liabilities - and also because the flatter yield curve meant that the opportunity cost of selling long-dated debt had dropped - the 30-year Treasury bond was re-introduced in February 2006 and is now issued quarterly. This will bring the U.S. in line with Japan and European governments issuing longer-dated maturities amid growing global demand from pension funds. Some countries, including France and the United Kingdom, have begun offering a 50-year bond, known as a Methuselah. |
| How Do I Buy Bonds? Most bond transactions can be completed through a full service or discount brokerage. You can also open an account with a bond broker, but be warned that most bond brokers require a minimum initial deposit of $5,000. If you cannot afford this amount, we suggest looking at a mutual fund that specializes in bonds (or a bond fund). Some financial institutions will provide their clients with the service of transacting government securities. However, if your bank doesn't provide this service and you do not have a brokerage account, you can purchase government bonds through a government agency (this is true in most countries). In the U.S. you can buy bonds directly from the government through TreasuryDirect at http://www.treasurydirect.gov. The Bureau of the Public Debt started TreasuryDirect so that individuals could buy bonds directly from the Treasury, thereby bypassing a broker. All transactions and interest payments are done electronically. If you do decide to purchase a bond through your broker, he or she may tell you that the trade is commission free. Don't be fooled. What typically happens is that the broker will mark up the price slightly; this markup is really the same as a commission. To make sure that you are not being taken advantage of, simply look up the latest quote for the bond and determine whether the markup is acceptable. Remember, you should research bonds just as you would stocks. We've gone over several factors you need to consider before loaning money to a government or company, so do your homework Treasury note Treasury notes (or T-Notes) mature in two to ten years. They have a coupon payment every six months, and are commonly issued with maturities dates of 2, 5 or 10 years, for denominations from $100 to $1,000,000. T-Notes and T-Bonds are quoted on the secondary market at percentage of par in thirty-seconds of a point. Thus, for example, a quote of 95:07 on a note indicates that it is trading at a discount: $952.19 (i.e. 95 7/32%) for a $1,000 bond. (Several different notations may be used for bond price quotes. The example of 95 and 7/32 points may be written as 95:07, or 95-07, or 95'07, or decimalized as 95.21875.) Other notation includes a +, which indicates 1/64 points and a third digit may be specified to represent 1/256 points. Examples include 95:07+ which equates to (95 + 7/32 + 1/64) and 95:073 which equates to (95 + 7/32 + 3/256). Notation such as 95:073+ is unusual and not typically used. The 10-year Treasury note has become the security most frequently quoted when discussing the performance of the U.S. government-bond market and is used to convey the market's take on longer-term macroeconomic expectations. |
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| What is a 'Derivative' A derivative is a security with a price that is dependent upon or derived from one or more underlying assets. The derivative itself is a contract between two or more parties based upon the asset or assets. Its value is determined by fluctuations in the underlying asset. The most common underlying assets include stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates and market indexes. Derivatives either be traded over-the-counter (OTC) or on an exchange. OTC derivatives constitute the greater proportion of derivatives in existence and are unregulated, whereas derivatives traded on exchanges are standardized. OTC derivatives generally have greater risk for the counterparty than do standardized derivatives. 'Derivative' Originally, derivatives were used to ensure balanced exchange rates for goods traded internationally. With differing values of different national currencies, international traders needed a system of accounting for these differences. Today, derivatives are based upon a wide variety of transactions and have many more uses. There are even derivatives based on weather data, such as the amount of rain or the number of sunny days in a particular region. Because a derivative is a category of security rather than a specific kind, there are several different kinds of derivatives in existence. As such, derivatives have a variety of functions and applications as well, based on the type of derivative. Certain kinds of derivatives can be used for hedging, or insuring against risk on an asset. Derivatives can also be used for speculation in betting on the future price of an asset or in circumventing exchange rate issues. For example, a European investor purchasing shares of an American company off of an American exchange (using U.S. dollars to do so) would be exposed to exchange-rate risk while holding that stock. To hedge this risk, the investor could purchase currency futures to lock in a specified exchange rate for the future stock sale and currency conversion back into Euros. Additionally, many derivatives are characterized by high leverage. Common Forms of 'Derivative' Futures contracts are one of the most common types of derivatives. A futures contract (or simply futures, colloquially) is an agreement between two parties for the sale of an asset at an agreed upon price. The futures contract may in part be considered to be something like a bet between the two parties. If the value of Diana’s stock declines, her investment is protected because Jerry has agreed to buy them at their July 2014 value, and if the value of the stock increases. A year later, July 31 rolls around and Wal-Mart is valued at $71.98 per share. Diana, then, has benefited from the futures contract, making $1.60 more per share than she would have if she had simply waited until July 2015 to sell her stock. While this might not seem like much, this difference of $1.60 per share translates to a difference of $16,000 when considering the ten thousand shares that Diana sold. Jerry, on the other hand, has speculated poorly and lost a sizeable sum. Forward contracts are another important kind of derivative similar to futures contracts, the key difference being that unlike futures, forward contracts (or “forwards”) are not traded on exchange, but rather are only traded over-the- counter. Swaps are another common type of derivative. A swap is most often a contract between two parties agreeing to trade loan terms. One might use an interest rate swap in order to switch from a variable interest rate loan to a fixed interest rate loan, or vice versa. If someone with a variable interest rate loan were trying to secure additional financing, a lender might deny him or her a loan because of the uncertain future bearing of the variable interest rates upon the individual’s ability to repay debts, perhaps fearing that the individual will default. For this reason, he or she might seek to switch their variable interest rate loan with someone else, who has a loan with a fixed interest rate that is otherwise similar. Although the loans will remain in the original holders’ names, the contract mandates that each party will make payments toward the other’s loan at a mutually agreed upon rate. Yet, this can be risky, because if one party defaults or goes bankrupt, the other will be forced back into their original loan. Swaps can be made using interest rates, currencies or commodities. Options are another common form of derivative. An option is similar to a futures contract in that it is an agreement between two parties granting one the opportunity to buy or sell a security from or to the other party at a predetermined future date. Yet, the key difference between options and futures is that with an option the buyer or seller is not obligated to make the transaction if he or she decides not to, hence the name “option.” The exchange itself is, ultimately, optional. Like with futures, options may be used to hedge the seller’s stock against a price drop and to provide the buyer with an opportunity for financial gain through speculation. An option can be short or long, as well as a call or put. A credit derivative is yet another form of derivative. This type of derivative is a loan sold to a speculator at a discount to its true value. Though the original lender is selling the loan at a reduced price, and will therefore see a lower return, in selling the loan the lender will regain most of the capital from the loan and can then use that money to issue a new and (ideally) more profitable loan. If, for example, a lender issued a loan and subsequently had the opportunity to engage in another loan with more profitable terms, the lender might choose to sell the original loan to a speculator in order to finance the more profitable loan. In this way, credit derivatives exchange modest returns for lower risk and greater liquidity. Another form of derivative is a mortgage-backed security, which is a broad category of derivative simply defined by the fact that the assets underlying the derivative are mortgages. Limitations of Derivatives As mentioned above, derivative is a broad category of security, so using derivatives in making financial decisions varies by the type of derivative in question. Generally speaking, the key to making a sound investment is to fully understand the risks associated with the derivative, such as the counterparty, underlying asset, price and expiration. The use of a derivative only makes sense if the investor is fully aware of the risks and understands the impact of the investment within a portfolio strategy. |



| Investment: Real time Trading For Real Success Trading for living: how to make money constantly in the market -------------- Buy Stop and Buy Stop Limit Orders Stop orders are useful for entries as well. You want to buy on strength. By using a stop price above the previous day’s high, the stock must show strength and be headed in the right direction before your order will be entered. ---------- A buy stop order is a market order that is activated when a stock hits a price at or above a certain level. In essence, you are telling the market you want to buy the stock regardless of price after it hits or goes above a certain point. -------------- A buy stop limit order is a limit order that is triggered once a stock hits or goes above a certain price point, but becomes a limit order to avoid paying too much on a gapping stock. If the stock gaps above your limit price, you will not buy the stock ------------------------------ ---------- GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ORDERS The following are some general guidelines for orders: • Use a stop order when setting exit orders: • To exit a long trade, use a sell stop • To exit a short trade, use a buy stop and trail down as the stock goes down • When setting entry orders, you will select one of the following order types: • Market—If you want in right now • Stop—If you want to enter on a breakout • Stop limit—If you want to enter on a breakout, but are worried about a volatile stock that may gap ------------ WANT TO BE A SUCCESSFUL INVESTOR? START NOW! The greatest force all investors have is time. Don't waste it. The sooner you start to save and invest, the more likely you will be successful. ----------------- BULLISH AND BEARISH FORECASTS Simply put, to make money in the markets, you need to buy low and sell high. It doesn’t matter if you’re using stocks or options, or trading shares in IBM or pineapples; you need to buy low and sell high. Conduct Fundamental Analysis When you purchase a stock, that stock represents ownership. If you buy a share of a company, it’s like acquiring a tiny sliver of that company. Think of it as ownership in the most literal sense: You get a piece of every desk, contract, and trademark in the place. Better yet, you own a slice of every dollar of profit that comes through the door. Of course, the more shares you buy, the bigger your stake becomes. And in essence, you tie your fate to that company, for better or for worse. Conducting what is called a “fundamental analysis” of the company behind the stock can help you get the answers. The logic behind fundamental analysis basically says: If a company has good fundamental strength, then long-term prospects for the stock are also likely good, therefore, this stock is a good opportunity. In other words, fundamentally strong stocks have a built-in reason to expect them to rise in value. ----------- MARKET CAPITALIZATION How big is the company? Market capitalization is a measurement of the total number of shares outstanding multiplied by the price per share. It is used to define whether a company is categorized as a small-cap (less than $1 billion), Mid-cap (between $1 billion and $5 billion), Or large-cap stock (greater than $5 billion). --------------- DEBT-TO-EQUITY RATIO This ratio is calculated by dividing a company’s total debt by the total number of shares outstanding, and is a variation from zero and above. This is an important measurement that can help you determine how the company is capitalized (i.e., the degree to which a company uses debt to finance its operations), thus identifying highly leveraged companies. ------------------------------ RETURN ON EQUITY (ROE) ROE is a reflection of management effectiveness. ROE is calculated by dividing earnings for a one-year period by the shareholder equity. This measurement can give investors a sense of the management’s ability to effectively build cash from existing assets. In simple terms: For every dollar the company has to work with, how much do they get back ----------- WHERE TO FIND FUNDAMENTAL INFORMATION How do you get this type of information? You can get it from several different sources, including your broker, your own online research, and financial news sources. You can also get it through the following: • A company’s prospectus—A prospectus is a formal written document that provides all the material information about the investment offering of a particular company. It is the primary sales tool of the company that issues the securities (called the issuer) and brokers or dealers that market the offering for the issuer (called the underwriters). The prospectus provides detailed, precise information about a specific securities offering and it is also a legal document that is written to protect the issuer and underwriters. It serves as written proof that you were given all of the material facts as they are set out in the prospectus. For that reason, you must understand the disclosures being made to you, and that all other sources of information are consistent with the content of disclosures contained in the prospectus. --------------- Make sure that you are given a copy of the prospectus before you decide to invest and, by all means, get help in reviewing the prospectus if you feel you need it. ------------- • A company’s annual report—Annual reports contain basic information about a company’ s finances. You can obtain annual reports from a broker, the company, or from the company’s website. ------------- • A company’s Form 10-K—This form includes detailed data such as audited balance sheets, historical stock performance, earnings, and other information. You can get this form from the company’s public relations office or any number of online. ---------------- Use Technical Analysis to Determine Your Timing Basically, technical analysis is about knowing when to make your trades… when to buy, when to hold, and when to sell. It involves looking at the stock charts of a company to identify trends and patterns which can act as indicators to investors regarding where the Company stands at that moment. For example, is there support or resistance? Is there an uptrend or a downtrend in the value of a stock? Are the trends or patterns giving you “buy signals” or “sell signals”? In other words, technical analysis is the discipline of forecasting future price based on the study of current market action. One of the basic tenets of technical analysis is the efficient market theory, which states that everything that is known about a company is reflected in the current price. Technical analysis also holds to the theory that price moves in trends. If you think about a trend as people deriving signals from the actions of others and then following suit, you can see how this might apply to how a trend gets started in the stock market. ------------- Establish a Trading Discipline This step in the investing process is about developing a trading plan and executing the plan with discipline and consistency. It’s about defining your investment goals and keeping your emotions in check. And it’s about developing and adhering to rules that fit your risk tolerance so you can make investment choices that don’t keep you up at night, wringing your hands with worry about the actions you’ve taken. ------------------------------ -- KEEP A TRADING JOURNAL One of the most important parts of this step is keeping a trading/investment journal. Why? Well, as we just said: History has a way of repeating itself. Obviously, if we’re going to repeat history, we want to repeat our successes, not our failures. We want to learn from our mistakes so we can avoid them in the future. If we keep track of the reasons we entered a trade, we can create rules that help us avoid taking the same actions if it was a failure or repeat the same actions if it was a success. Your trading journal should consist of at least the following about each trade you make: • The thought processes you used to enter the trade ----------- Use stop losses—This should be your number one rule. When you buy a stock, it is because you expect it to do something. If it doesn’t do what you expect, then there has to be a point where you say, “It is more important to me to keep my losses ---------------- Exit Plan • Always have an exit plan—When is “good enough” really good enough? Sometimes we need help recognizing when we should be happy with our profits and get out. And sometimes we need to be able to act quickly if the trade starts to go against us. Having an exit plan in place before you ever get into a trade and sticking to it can help. It can save you from paralyzing indecision when you need to move quickly, and it can help you keep your emotions in check when it’s time to take your profits. ----------- Prepare for company announcements—Life is full of surprises, but we want to make sure that our investments are as free as possible from the kind of surprises that tend to make us lose money. Fortunately, there are specific announcements that are easy to plan for, such as a company’s quarterly and annual reports. Watch the news for your stocks and mark your calendars to indicate when you expect announcements to be made ----------------------- Always set a stop loss, or make a mental note for just in case if your stocks fall 5% - 10% - 15% -- 20% whatever you set, that you will get out. Create the discipline to have stop loss. When trading always think about diversification, and money preservation. TITLE - Day Trading Business Methods, Techniques, & Strategies For Success. |





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