BONDS
Different Types Of Bonds

Government Bonds
In general, fixed-income securities are classified according to the length of time before maturity. These are the three main categories: Powered By
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Bills - debt securities maturing in less than one year.
Notes - debt securities maturing in one to 10 years.
Bonds - debt securities maturing in more than 10 years.

Marketable securities from the U.S. government - known collectively as
Treasuries
- follow this guideline and are issued as Treasury bonds, Treasury notes and Treasury bills (T-bills). Technically speaking,
T-bills aren't bonds because of their short maturity. (You can read more about T-bills in our Money Market tutorial.) All debt issued by Uncle Sam is
regarded as extremely safe, as is the debt of any stable country. The debt of many developing countries, however, does carry substantial risk. Like
companies, countries can default on payments.
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Municipal Bonds
Municipal bonds, known as "munis", are the next progression in terms of risk. Cities don't go bankrupt that often, but it can happen. The major
advantage to munis is that the returns are free from federal tax. Furthermore, local governments will sometimes make their debt non-taxable for
residents, thus making some municipal bonds completely tax free. Because of these tax savings, the yield on a muni is usually lower than that of a
taxable bond. Depending on your personal situation, a muni can be a great investment on an after-tax basis.

Corporate Bonds
A company can issue bonds just as it can issue stock. Large corporations have a lot of flexibility as to how much debt they can issue: the limit is
whatever the market will bear. Generally, a short-term corporate bond is less than five years; intermediate is five to 12 years, and long term is over 12
years.
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Corporate bonds are characterized by higher yields because there is a higher risk of a company defaulting than a government. The upside is that they
can also be the most rewarding fixed-income investments because of the risk the investor must take on. The company's credit quality is very
important: the higher the quality, the lower the interest rate the investor receives.

Other variations on corporate bonds include convertible bonds, which the holder can convert into stock, and callable bonds, which allow the company
to redeem an issue prior to maturity.
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Maturity
The maturity date is the date in the future on which the investor's principal will be repaid. Maturities can range from as little as one day to as long as
30 years (though terms of 100 years have been issued).

A bond that matures in one year is much more predictable and thus less risky than a bond that matures in 20 years. Therefore, in general, the longer
the time to maturity, the higher the interest rate. Also, all things being equal, a longer term bond will fluctuate more than a shorter term bond.
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How Do I Buy Bonds?

Most bond transactions can be completed through a full service or discount brokerage. You can also open an account with a bond broker,
but be warned that most bond brokers require a minimum initial deposit of $5,000. If you cannot afford this amount, we suggest looking at
a mutual fund that specializes in bonds (or a bond fund).Knowledge Financial Group - knowledgefinancial.com

Some financial institutions will provide their clients with the service of transacting government securities. However, if your bank doesn't
provide this service and you do not have a brokerage account, you can purchase government bonds through a government agency (this is
true in most countries). In the U.S. you can buy bonds directly from the government through TreasuryDirect at
http://www.treasurydirect.gov. The Bureau of the Public Debt started TreasuryDirect so that individuals could buy bonds directly from the
Treasury, thereby bypassing a broker. All transactions and interest payments are done electronically.

If you do decide to purchase a bond through your broker, he or she may tell you that the trade is commission free. Don't be fooled. What
typically happens is that the broker will mark up the price slightly; this markup is really the same as a commission. To make sure that you
are not being taken advantage of, simply look up the latest quote for the bond and determine whether the markup is acceptable.

Remember, you should research bonds just as you would stocks. We've gone over several factors you need to consider before loaning
money to a government or company, so do your homework.
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Financial Group - knowledgefinancial.com
Conclusion of the bonds market

Now you know the basics of bonds. Not too complicated, is it? Here is a recap of what we discussed:

Bonds are just like IOUs. Buying a bond means you are lending out your money.
Bonds are also called fixed-income securities because the cash flow from them is fixed.
Stocks are equity; bonds are debt.
The key reason to purchase bonds is to diversify your portfolio.
Knowledge Financial Group - knowledgefinancial.com
The issuers of bonds are governments and corporations.

A bond is characterized by its face value, coupon rate, maturity and issuer.
Yield is the rate of return you get on a bond.
Knowledge Financial Group - knowledgefinancial.com
When price goes up, yield goes down, and vice versa. Knowledge Financial Group - knowledgefinancial.com
When interest rates rise, the price of bonds in the market falls, and vice versa.
Bills, notes and bonds are all fixed-income securities classified by maturity.

Government bonds are the safest bonds, followed by municipal bonds, and then corporate bonds.
Bonds are not risk free. It's always possible - especially in the case of corporate bonds - for the borrower to default on the debt payments.
High-risk/high-yield bonds are known as junk bonds.
Knowledge Financial Group - knowledgefinancial.com
You can purchase most bonds through a brokerage or bank. If you are a U.S. citizen, you can buy government bonds through TreasuryDirect.
Often, brokers will not charge a commission to buy bonds but will mark up the price instead.
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Risk versus tolerance is one of the first determinants in how you should invest your money. It is a way to assess which
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Diversification
To diversify means to ‘’spread it around’’ or do not put all your eggs in only one basket.

Commissions and costs
The primary cost associated with investing is that of paying commissions. Whether you are trading online or dealing with a real
human being {Brokers) commission fees , operating costs, or administrative fees will be attached.
 
Getting Started: On Your Own or With a Broker
Choosing the way you will conduct your investing is an important decision. Fortunately, you have several options,
Whichever way you choose to conduct your investment affairs has a lot to do with your level of investment interest and just how
eager you are to make research.
 
Stock Basics
What a stock represents
Before you buy a stock, it’s a good idea to understand to understand exactly what that purchase represents. When you buy a
stock, you actually buying a portion of corporation.
--

Mutual Funds
What is a mutual fund?
A mutual is an investment vehicle that pools money of many investors and buy stocks, bonds, or other securities depending of the
type of funds. --

-
Bonds are essentially a loan to a company, municipality, or the government. This is money to be paid back at a set date in the
future -
 
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Real Estate is a road-map  to riches, it’s  one of the way to build wealth. The ultra rich always invest in real estate. There is no
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UNDERSTAND THE RULE OF 72...

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It’s never too late early to plan for your retirement or to set your sights on other future goals.
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AMERICA’S MONEY CRISIS / Bailout 101: What new law says. Here's a rundown of key provisions of the financial rescue plan that United State
Senate voted, Wednesday October 1; and the house voted Friday October 3, 2008.

FORTUNE, CREATION AND INTRODUCTION: When you invest in stock, you buy ownership shares in a company.  Before You Invest; Before
undertaking any investment program, it is critical that you assess your current situation and form goals. Evaluating a Stock, Creating an Emergency
Fund

Trust Account: Definition of a Trust; Land Trust, Living Trust, Revocable Trust. In general, a "trust" is a legal entity that is able to own property and
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BANKING AND FINANCE, COMMERCIAL BANKING: The fundamental functions of a commercial bank during the past two
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SAVING: THE SECRETS OF SAVING; WAYS TO SAVE A LOT OF MONEY AND GETTING RICHER. 66 WAYS TO SAVE MONEY

MONEY  MANAGEMENT: Ten Resolutions to Make Your Financial Life Easier. 10 Ways to Avoid Overdraft and Bounced
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INDEX FUNDS -What You Need to Know About Trading and Investing in Leveraged ETFs. What Does Index Fund Mean?
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''  Bonds: What are bonds?
A bond is a debt security, similar to an IOU. Borrowers issue bonds to raise money from investors willing to lend them
money for a certain amount of time.
When you buy a bond, you are lending to the issuer, which may be a government, municipality, or corporation.

In return, the issuer promises to pay you a specified rate of interest during the life of the bond and to repay the
principal, also known as face value or par value of the bond, when it "matures," or comes due after a set period of
time. Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com -

Why do people buy bonds? Investors buy bonds because:

They provide a predictable income stream. Typically, bonds pay interest twice a year.
If the bonds are held to maturity, bondholders get back the entire principal, so bonds are a way to preserve capital
while investing.
B
onds can help offset exposure to more volatile stock holdings.

Companies, governments and municipalities issue bonds to get
money for various things, which may include:

Providing operating cash flow  Financing debt Funding capital investments in schools, highways, hospitals, and other
projects. Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com -

What types of bonds are there? There are three main types of bonds:

Corporate bonds are debt securities issued by private and public corporations.
Investment-grade.  These bonds have a higher credit rating, implying less credit risk, than high-yield corporate bonds.
Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com -

High-yield.  These bonds have a lower credit rating, implying higher credit risk, than investment-grade bonds
and, therefore, offer higher interest rates in return for the increased risk.
Municipal bonds, called “munis,” are debt securities issued by states, cities, counties and other government entities.
Types of “munis” include:

General obligation bonds. These bonds are not secured by any assets; instead, they are backed by
the “full faith and credit” of the issuer, which has the power to tax residents to pay bondholders.

Revenue bonds. Instead of taxes, these bonds are backed by revenues from a specific project or source, such as
highway tolls or lease fees.  Some revenue bonds are “non-recourse,” meaning that if the revenue stream dries up,
the bondholders do not have a claim on the underlying revenue source.

Conduit bonds. Governments sometimes issue municipal bonds on behalf of private entities such as non-
profit colleges or hospitals. These “conduit” borrowers typically agree to repay the issuer, who pays the interest and
principal on the bonds. If the conduit borrower fails to make a payment, the issuer usually is not required to pay the
bondholders.


U.S. Treasuries are issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury on behalf of the federal government. They carry the
full faith and credit of the U.S. government, making them a safe and popular investment. Types ofU.S. Treasury debt
include: Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com -

Treasury Bills. Short-term securities maturing in a few days to 52 weeks
Notes. Longer-term securities maturing within ten years
Bonds. Long-term securities that typically mature in 30 years and pay interest every six months


What are the benefits and risks of bonds?
Bonds can provide a means of preserving capital and earning a predictable return. Bond investments provide steady
streams of income from interest payments prior to maturity.
The interest from municipal bonds generally is exempt from federal income tax and also may be exempt from state
and local taxes for residents in the states where the bond is issued.
As with any investment, bonds have risks. Bond investors are relying on the issuer’s ability to pay interest and repay
principal. If the issuer has financial problems or defaults, the bondholders could wind up with losses. Powered By
Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com -

Other risks include:
Call risk. The possibility that a bond issuer retires a bond before its maturity date, something an issuer might do
if interest rates decline, much like a homeowner might refinance a mortgage to benefit from lower interest rates.
Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com -

Inflation risk. Inflation is a general upward movement in prices. Inflation reduces purchasing power, which is
a risk for investors receiving a fixed rate of interest. Knowledge Financial Group - knowledgefinancial.com

Liquidity risk . This refers to the risk that investors won’t find a market for the bond, potentially preventing
them from buying or selling when they want.

Interest rate risk. Interest rate changes can affect a bond’s value. If bonds are held to maturity the investor
will receive the face value, plus interest. If sold before maturity, the bond may be worth more or less than the face
value.
Rising interest rates will make newly issued bonds more appealing to investors because the newer bonds will have a
higher rate of interest than older ones. To sell an older bond with a lower interest rate, you might have to sell it at a
discount. Knowledge Financial Group - knowledgefinancial.com

How to buy and sell bonds
With the exception of U.S. Treasury debt, bonds typically are not bought directly from the issuer but through an
intermediary known as the underwriter. Powered By Knowledgefinancial.com And Financial Academy School.Com -

Unlike stocks, bonds are not traded on an exchange; instead the underwriter buys them from the issuer and resells
them to investors in the over-the-counter (OTC) market. Each bond is given a CUSIP number, similar to a ticker symbol,
which is a uniform method to identify the security.

Another way to purchase bonds is through bond funds. These are a type of mutual fund that invests primarily in bonds.
Depending on its investment objective and policies, a bond fund may concentrate its investments in a particular type of
bond. Bond funds can be purchased directly through investment companies or through a broker or adviser.

Understanding fees
All investments have fees. Bonds bought by investors normally include a markup, which consists of the broker-dealer’
s costs and profit. An additional commission may be added if a broker-dealer has to locate a specific bond rather than
selling one from the firm’s inventory. Knowledge Financial Group - knowledgefinancial.com
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How to Buy Municipal Bonds..
Buying Municipal Bonds In the Primary
and Secondary Markets
----------------
There are two ways to invest in municipal bonds including the
primary market and the secondary market. The primary market is
normally only open to high net worth investors with access to
top-tier brokers..
------------
Individual Municipal Bonds

Individual municipal bonds can be bought through bond
dealers, banks, brokerage firms and in a few cases directly from
the municipality.

Individual municipal bonds can either be bought on the primary
market, which is for new issue bonds or on the secondary
market, which is a market for trading bonds after the bond has
already been issued.

Buying Municipal Bonds in the Primary
Market

If an investor wants to buy a new issue municipal bond, the
process for doing so is called the retail order period.  
Understand that getting involved at this level can be difficult and
is often reserved for high net worth individuals.

The retail order period typically lasts a couple of days and levels
the playing field between retail customers and large institutions.

If you purchase a bond in the primary market, there are no fees
or markups for the purchase.
A bank or group of banks will bring the bond issue to the market
and you would be required to have an account with one of the
banks leading the new issue or with one of the banks that are
syndicating the offering.

Additionally, you would be delivered an offering document or
prospectus.  The bonds are typically offered on a schedule,
which highlights the different maturities and yields.

You put in a request with the investment representative you are
dealing with for your choice of bond coupon, maturity date and
number of bonds.

Ordinarily each bond has a value of $1,000.
How to Buy Municipal Bonds..
Buying Municipal Bonds In the Primary
and Secondary Markets
----------------
Buying Municipal Bonds in the Secondary
Market

The secondary market
allows investors to buy bonds,
which have already been issued, from other investors, bond
dealers, banks and brokerage firms.

In order to purchase bonds, you would first need to open an
account with a firm or bank that deals in bonds.  You could go
with an online do-it-yourself firm or a traditional bank or
brokerage firm.

Depending on which route you choose, you would either work
with a representative or fly solo to find bonds that satisfy your
specific needs.  When purchasing bonds in the secondary
market, the price of the bond will usually include a markup, which
is the dealers cost plus profit (to learn more, How Bond Spreads
Can Really Hurt Investors.

An additional commission may also be charged if you are
utilizing a representative or firm to find bonds for you or to
execute the transaction.  The price of a bond is quoted as if the
bond was selling for $100.  However, the face value is normally
$1,000.

So if you were quoted a price of 98 and you bought 10 bonds, the
total cost would be $9,800.  Likewise, a bond could be quoted at
102 and if you bought 10 bonds, the total cost would be $10,200.  
Municipal Bond Mutual Funds

Municipal bond funds offer professional management of a bond
portfolio.  When investing in a municipal bond fund, a manager or
group of managers would select and buy bonds for the mutual
fund.

As an investor, you would simply buy shares in the municipal
bond mutual fund through either a traditional or online brokerage
firm or, directly from a mutual fund company.

One of the advantages of bond mutual fund is that they offer an
investor diversification with a smaller dollar amount.  One of the
disadvantages of a bond mutual fund is the additional level of
expense from the fund management fee.
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Personal Finance: Where are the safe places to put your money in time of financial crises, economic turmoil?
---------------
Finance: Fixed Income Security Investment: Types Of Fixed Income Investments..
---------------
Preferred Stocks vs. Common Stocks. = // Types of Preferred Stocks... Why Do Companies Issue
Preferred Stock? =
LEARN MORE HERE...
--------------
Femkonsa Capital: Best Index Funds vs Best ETF"s = Exchange Traded Funds.
LEARN MORE HERE...
-------------------
Millionaire Portfolio: Passive Income - Residual Income - Earned Income - Portfolio Income.  HERE ARE
MUCH MORE... =
Research & Learning -/
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Dividend Stocks: List Of Dividend Paying Companies. Quarterly monthly cash-flow = Return On Investment...
LEARN MUCH MORE HERE
...
-----------------
Knowledge Center: 101 Ways to Make Money Online We often recommend earning some extra income on the
side .
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Entrepreneur: Business Ideas And Opportunities.
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Economic: Different Types Of Market To Invest in...
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Freeknowledge: Things to Know About Government Bonds & Municipal Bonds...
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Resource Center: Different ways to protect your money
What to do when we have a market panic, or economic uncertainty...
Last Will And Testament...

What Not to Include When Making a Will...
Ways to Avoid Probate...  
LEARN MORE HERE...