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| True power comes with knowledge and quality information. When we come to understand a disease we can better manage and control it. Through our understanding we become masters of our own body ---------------- Photos & Pictures of STD’s STD Photo Gallery - Contains access to photos of many sexually transmitted diseases symptoms. Please be advised that some of the images are graphic in nature and may disturb some people. ---------------------- STD Diagnosis & Testing STD Diagnosis & Testing Options - It is important to gain an accurate and reliable diagnosis for any sexually transmitted disease. This is always the first place to start on the journey of healing. READ MORE...» |
| Information and pictures on the most commonly sexually transmitted diseases. This free public information site is a resource for STD Facts and pictures. This site are provided for informational purposes and are not meant to substitute for the advice provided by your own physician or other medical professionals. Diagnosing or treating conditions like herpes or any serious health problems or diseases should be handled by your health care provider.------ |
Diagnosis & Testing
Options
It is important to gain an accurate and
reliable diagnosis for any sexually
transmitted disease. This is always the first
place to start on the journey of healing.
Symptoms should not be self diagnosed. If
you think you may have an STD, visit your
local health care provider or doctor, explain
your situation and let them help you move
forward.
Laboratory tests for
STDs:
Can detect and identify the causes of
infections that you might have contracted,
even those which are asymptomatic.
•Blood Tests can confirm the diagnosis of
HIV or the later stages of syphilis.
•Urine Tests can confirm diagnosis for a
number of Sexually Transmitted Infections
(STIs)
•Fluid Samples from active sores are used to
diagnose the most common bacteria and
some viruses that cause STIs.
Options
It is important to gain an accurate and
reliable diagnosis for any sexually
transmitted disease. This is always the first
place to start on the journey of healing.
Symptoms should not be self diagnosed. If
you think you may have an STD, visit your
local health care provider or doctor, explain
your situation and let them help you move
forward.
Laboratory tests for
STDs:
Can detect and identify the causes of
infections that you might have contracted,
even those which are asymptomatic.
•Blood Tests can confirm the diagnosis of
HIV or the later stages of syphilis.
•Urine Tests can confirm diagnosis for a
number of Sexually Transmitted Infections
(STIs)
•Fluid Samples from active sores are used to
diagnose the most common bacteria and
some viruses that cause STIs.
Since many of these organisms
can live in the host for long
periods of time without causing
symptoms, it is important to be tested if you
suspect that you might have been infected by
someone. Hidden diseases can cause long term
health problems and you can unknowingly infect
other contacts.
An important screening test these days is the blood
or saliva test for human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), the virus that causes AIDS.
This is a fast and easy test for those who have a
concern that they may have contracted this disease.
Most health care services in the United States can
carry out the test and have the results available the
same day.
•Pregnant Women are usually screened for HIV,
hepatitis B, chlamydia and syphilis at their first
prenatal visit. Gonorrhea and hepatitis C screening
tests are recommended at least once during
pregnancy for women at high risk of these
infections.
•Women over 21 should have a Pap test for the
presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV), at
least every three years. The Pap smear is tested for
inflammations, precancerous changes and cancer in
the cervix. Younger women who are sexually active
should be tested within three years of first
intercourse.
•Sexually active women under the age of 25 should
consider being screened for chlamydia infection.
The chlamydia test uses a sample of urine or vaginal
fluid. Repeating the test three months after a
positive test and being treated is recommended to
confirm that an infection is cured, since reinfection
by an untreated or under-treated partner is common.
A bout of chlamydia doesn’t provide protection from
future exposures. This organism can infect again
and again, so get retested if you have a new
partner. Screening for gonorrhea is also
recommended for sexually active women under age
25.
•Men who have sex with men should be tested
regularly for HIV, syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhea,
especially if they have multiple partners. Testing for
herpes and hepatitis B may also be recommended
by your health professional.
•People with HIV/AIDS are at a much greater risk of
becoming infected with other STDs. They should be
screened for syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and
herpes. Women with HIV may develop aggressive
cervical cancer, so they should have Pap tests twice
a year to screen for the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
can live in the host for long
periods of time without causing
symptoms, it is important to be tested if you
suspect that you might have been infected by
someone. Hidden diseases can cause long term
health problems and you can unknowingly infect
other contacts.
An important screening test these days is the blood
or saliva test for human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), the virus that causes AIDS.
This is a fast and easy test for those who have a
concern that they may have contracted this disease.
Most health care services in the United States can
carry out the test and have the results available the
same day.
•Pregnant Women are usually screened for HIV,
hepatitis B, chlamydia and syphilis at their first
prenatal visit. Gonorrhea and hepatitis C screening
tests are recommended at least once during
pregnancy for women at high risk of these
infections.
•Women over 21 should have a Pap test for the
presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV), at
least every three years. The Pap smear is tested for
inflammations, precancerous changes and cancer in
the cervix. Younger women who are sexually active
should be tested within three years of first
intercourse.
•Sexually active women under the age of 25 should
consider being screened for chlamydia infection.
The chlamydia test uses a sample of urine or vaginal
fluid. Repeating the test three months after a
positive test and being treated is recommended to
confirm that an infection is cured, since reinfection
by an untreated or under-treated partner is common.
A bout of chlamydia doesn’t provide protection from
future exposures. This organism can infect again
and again, so get retested if you have a new
partner. Screening for gonorrhea is also
recommended for sexually active women under age
25.
•Men who have sex with men should be tested
regularly for HIV, syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhea,
especially if they have multiple partners. Testing for
herpes and hepatitis B may also be recommended
by your health professional.
•People with HIV/AIDS are at a much greater risk of
becoming infected with other STDs. They should be
screened for syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and
herpes. Women with HIV may develop aggressive
cervical cancer, so they should have Pap tests twice
a year to screen for the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
Information and pictures on the most
commonly sexually transmitted
diseases.
This free public information site is a resource for STD Facts and
pictures. This site are provided for informational purposes and
are not meant to substitute for the advice provided by your own
physician or other medical professionals.
Diagnosing or treating conditions like herpes or any serious
health problems or diseases should be handled by your health
care provider.
commonly sexually transmitted
diseases.
This free public information site is a resource for STD Facts and
pictures. This site are provided for informational purposes and
are not meant to substitute for the advice provided by your own
physician or other medical professionals.
Diagnosing or treating conditions like herpes or any serious
health problems or diseases should be handled by your health
care provider.
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| Images of sexually transmitted disease pictures |
Pubic Lice (Crabs)
Pubic lice are colloquially known as "crabs." This
name refers to the shape of these parasites,
which is different from that of body lice. Pubic
lice live in pubic hair and are spread among
people during close contact.
Symptoms include severe itching, visible
crawling lice, or eggs attached to pubic hair.
Pubic lice can be treated with over-the-counter
lice-killing medications.
Pubic lice are colloquially known as "crabs." This
name refers to the shape of these parasites,
which is different from that of body lice. Pubic
lice live in pubic hair and are spread among
people during close contact.
Symptoms include severe itching, visible
crawling lice, or eggs attached to pubic hair.
Pubic lice can be treated with over-the-counter
lice-killing medications.
Scabies
Scabies is another disease caused by lice
infestation. It is not necessarily an STD, since it
can affect any area of the skin. However, it is
often spread during sexual contact.
Scabies causes extreme itching that is worse at
night. The skin appears to have a pimple-like
rash, as shown here. Prescription creams can
cure the infestation.
Scabies is another disease caused by lice
infestation. It is not necessarily an STD, since it
can affect any area of the skin. However, it is
often spread during sexual contact.
Scabies causes extreme itching that is worse at
night. The skin appears to have a pimple-like
rash, as shown here. Prescription creams can
cure the infestation.
Gonorrhea (The Clap)
Gonorrhea is an easily transmissible STD that
affects both men and women. It can cause
infertility in men and women when untreated.
There may be no early symptoms of the
infection.
When symptoms develop, they can include
burning during urination, vaginal or urethral
discharge, and pelvic pain in women.
Men may experience swelling of the testes
and discharge from the penis. In some cases,
the symptoms are mild and the condition is
mistaken for a urinary tract infection or yeast
infection.
Gonorrhea is an easily transmissible STD that
affects both men and women. It can cause
infertility in men and women when untreated.
There may be no early symptoms of the
infection.
When symptoms develop, they can include
burning during urination, vaginal or urethral
discharge, and pelvic pain in women.
Men may experience swelling of the testes
and discharge from the penis. In some cases,
the symptoms are mild and the condition is
mistaken for a urinary tract infection or yeast
infection.
Syphilis
Syphilis can be cured with antibiotics, but many people
don't notice the early symptoms.
It can lead to nerve damage, blindness, paralysis, and
even death over time if not treated. The first sign is
typically a painless sore on the genitals or anal area.
It is usually round and firm. A rash can develop later on
the soles of the feet, palms, or other parts of the body.
Other symptoms can include enlarged lymph nodes,
fever, fatigue, or hair loss. Late-stage syphilis can
cause damage to many different organ systems.
Syphilis can be cured with antibiotics, but many people
don't notice the early symptoms.
It can lead to nerve damage, blindness, paralysis, and
even death over time if not treated. The first sign is
typically a painless sore on the genitals or anal area.
It is usually round and firm. A rash can develop later on
the soles of the feet, palms, or other parts of the body.
Other symptoms can include enlarged lymph nodes,
fever, fatigue, or hair loss. Late-stage syphilis can
cause damage to many different organ systems.
Chlamydia
Chlamydia is a very common infection transmitted by
sexual contact. It can cause infertility if not treated. The
symptoms may not be noticed, or they may be vague and
nonspecific. Some people have no symptoms at all.
When symptoms are present, they can include burning or
itching of the genitals, discharge, or painful urination.
Chlamydia infections can also develop in the rectum and
throat.
Chlamydia is a very common infection transmitted by
sexual contact. It can cause infertility if not treated. The
symptoms may not be noticed, or they may be vague and
nonspecific. Some people have no symptoms at all.
When symptoms are present, they can include burning or
itching of the genitals, discharge, or painful urination.
Chlamydia infections can also develop in the rectum and
throat.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Cold sores or "fever blisters" on the lips are a sign of
herpes virus infection, usually caused by the type of
herpes virus known as human herpes virus 1, or HHV-1.
HHV-1 is usually not an STD, and it can be spread through
kissing or household contact. It can also spread to the
genitals.
There is no cure for herpes infection, but medications
can reduce the severity and duration of outbreaks.
Cold sores or "fever blisters" on the lips are a sign of
herpes virus infection, usually caused by the type of
herpes virus known as human herpes virus 1, or HHV-1.
HHV-1 is usually not an STD, and it can be spread through
kissing or household contact. It can also spread to the
genitals.
There is no cure for herpes infection, but medications
can reduce the severity and duration of outbreaks.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
In contrast to HHV-1, most genital herpes infections are
caused by a different virus known as HHV-2. It is spread
through direct contact and is considered to be an STD.
Symptoms include painful, fluid-filled blisters and crusted
sores on the genital area, buttocks, thighs, or anus.
The infection can spread to the lips through oral contact.
As with HHV-1, medications can reduce the severity of the
condition, but there is no cure.
In contrast to HHV-1, most genital herpes infections are
caused by a different virus known as HHV-2. It is spread
through direct contact and is considered to be an STD.
Symptoms include painful, fluid-filled blisters and crusted
sores on the genital area, buttocks, thighs, or anus.
The infection can spread to the lips through oral contact.
As with HHV-1, medications can reduce the severity of the
condition, but there is no cure.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a virus that spreads through contact with body
fluids and blood, so it can be transmitted through sexual
intercourse. Infection is also possible through sharing of
needles, razors, and toothbrushes.
Babies can become infected at birth from an infected
mother. Symptoms of hepatitis B infection include nausea,
abdominal pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and
whites of the eyes).
Over time, scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) and liver cancer
can develop. It’s possible to go for years without symptoms
of the infection.
Although there is no cure, there is a vaccine to prevent
hepatitis B infection.
Hepatitis B is a virus that spreads through contact with body
fluids and blood, so it can be transmitted through sexual
intercourse. Infection is also possible through sharing of
needles, razors, and toothbrushes.
Babies can become infected at birth from an infected
mother. Symptoms of hepatitis B infection include nausea,
abdominal pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and
whites of the eyes).
Over time, scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) and liver cancer
can develop. It’s possible to go for years without symptoms
of the infection.
Although there is no cure, there is a vaccine to prevent
hepatitis B infection.
HIV/AIDS
The HIV virus (AIDS virus) weakens the body's immune
system. It is spread through sexual contact, needle sharing,
or from an infected mother to baby.
There may be no symptoms for years, but a blood test can tell
if you have been infected.
With appropriate treatment, many serious illnesses can be
prevented. Some people have flu-like symptoms 1 to 2
months after they become infected, like swollen lymph
nodes, fever, and headaches.
The HIV virus (AIDS virus) weakens the body's immune
system. It is spread through sexual contact, needle sharing,
or from an infected mother to baby.
There may be no symptoms for years, but a blood test can tell
if you have been infected.
With appropriate treatment, many serious illnesses can be
prevented. Some people have flu-like symptoms 1 to 2
months after they become infected, like swollen lymph
nodes, fever, and headaches.
Genital Warts (HPV)
It's not necessary to have sexual intercourse to get a
sexually-transmitted disease (STD). The human
papillomavirus (HPV) that causes genital warts can be
transmitted by close skin-to-skin contact.
Some types of HPVs cause cervical or anal cancer, and
vaccines are available to protect against the most
dangerous types.
Other HPV types cause genital warts, which can be raised,
flat, or cauliflower-shaped. HPV infection can occur in
people who have no symptoms or visible warts.
It's not necessary to have sexual intercourse to get a
sexually-transmitted disease (STD). The human
papillomavirus (HPV) that causes genital warts can be
transmitted by close skin-to-skin contact.
Some types of HPVs cause cervical or anal cancer, and
vaccines are available to protect against the most
dangerous types.
Other HPV types cause genital warts, which can be raised,
flat, or cauliflower-shaped. HPV infection can occur in
people who have no symptoms or visible warts.
Pictures and Facts About
STDs
'' Sexually Transmitted
Rashes ''
'' Sexually Transmitted
Crabs ''
'' Crabs Sexually
Transmitted Symptoms ''
STDs
'' Sexually Transmitted
Rashes ''
'' Sexually Transmitted
Crabs ''
'' Crabs Sexually
Transmitted Symptoms ''
Be Afraid
Danger! Sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs) remain a major public health challenge in the United
States. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that
19 million new infections occur each year, with almost half of
them among young people 15 to 24 years of age.
In addition youth, women are also
severely affected. Biological factors place women at
greater risk than men for the most severe health consequences
from STDs. The two most commonly reported infectious
diseases in America — chlamydia and gonorrhea — pose a
greater risk to the health of women, as both can result in
infertility. Together, these two diseases were reported in
almost 1.5 million Americans in 2007, but the majority of cases
continue to go undiagnosed.
Both of these diseases, along with syphilis and
genital herpes, have also been associated with increased
HIV transmission, which is of particular concern among men
who have sex with men and African-Americans, where the HIV
burden is now greatest. Reducing the preventable and
persistent toll of STDs will require expanded access to
prevention, treatment, and screening services for the diverse
populations now at risk.
Danger! Sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs) remain a major public health challenge in the United
States. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that
19 million new infections occur each year, with almost half of
them among young people 15 to 24 years of age.
In addition youth, women are also
severely affected. Biological factors place women at
greater risk than men for the most severe health consequences
from STDs. The two most commonly reported infectious
diseases in America — chlamydia and gonorrhea — pose a
greater risk to the health of women, as both can result in
infertility. Together, these two diseases were reported in
almost 1.5 million Americans in 2007, but the majority of cases
continue to go undiagnosed.
Both of these diseases, along with syphilis and
genital herpes, have also been associated with increased
HIV transmission, which is of particular concern among men
who have sex with men and African-Americans, where the HIV
burden is now greatest. Reducing the preventable and
persistent toll of STDs will require expanded access to
prevention, treatment, and screening services for the diverse
populations now at risk.
| Welcome to Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s / STD) Guide! Sexually transmitted disease Pictures & Images - The estimated total number of people living in the US with STD is over sixty- five million. Every year, there are approximately fifteen million new STD cases. Our mission is to empower people to manage their health. We hope to accomplish this by providing useful and up-to-date important information, STD symptoms and pictures, and latest STD treatment guidelines. A team of volunteer web-publishing professionals and medical experts work side by side to produce this STD Guide Online Version for you. Through this unique collaboration, we give you access to knowledge and control over your health. |
Facts About STD
•65 million of people living in the US with STD
•15 million of new STD cases each year
•2/3 of all sexually transmitted diseases occurs in
people 25 yrs of age or younger
•one in four new STD cases occur in teenagers
•cervical cancer in women is linked to HPV
•doctors are required to report newly diagnosed STD cases of
gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia and hepatitis B to state health
departments and the CDC
•one in four Americans have genital herpes, 80% of those with
herpes are unaware they have it •at least one in four Americans
will contract an sexually transmitted disease at some point in
their lives
•15% of all infertile American women are
infertile because of tubal damage caused by untreated sexually
transmitted diseases
•12% of all infertile American men are infertile
because of inflammation of the testicles and sterility caused by
untreated STD
•65 million of people living in the US with STD
•15 million of new STD cases each year
•2/3 of all sexually transmitted diseases occurs in
people 25 yrs of age or younger
•one in four new STD cases occur in teenagers
•cervical cancer in women is linked to HPV
•doctors are required to report newly diagnosed STD cases of
gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia and hepatitis B to state health
departments and the CDC
•one in four Americans have genital herpes, 80% of those with
herpes are unaware they have it •at least one in four Americans
will contract an sexually transmitted disease at some point in
their lives
•15% of all infertile American women are
infertile because of tubal damage caused by untreated sexually
transmitted diseases
•12% of all infertile American men are infertile
because of inflammation of the testicles and sterility caused by
untreated STD
STD Symptoms // STI // Sexually
transmitted infection
Particular danger of STDs lies in the fact that due to often
asymptomatic character many people (women are especially
susceptible) receive no treatment which can lead to further
transmission of the disease to other partners or even to female
infertility in severe cases.
As the signs of STD aren’t always obvious, even minor symptoms or
one of them are worth paying a visit to a doctor. Early stages of most
STD are easy to cure although some of them require long-term
treatment.
The most common STD symptoms are:
•Painful urination and pain during sexual intercourse
•Itchy, sore and irritated genital area
•Unusual and abnormal discharge from vagina/penis (may be
colored/with odor)
•Blisters or sores around genitals and anus
•Vaginal bleeding after sex
•Pain in lower abdominal
•Low fever and flu-like symptoms
•Pain in the testicles
•Bleeding between menstrual periods
•Urge to urinate often
Although the above mentioned symptoms are helpful in detecting STD,
the only reliable method is medical tests. Thus, annual medical check-
up is highly advisable for sexually active people.
transmitted infection
Particular danger of STDs lies in the fact that due to often
asymptomatic character many people (women are especially
susceptible) receive no treatment which can lead to further
transmission of the disease to other partners or even to female
infertility in severe cases.
As the signs of STD aren’t always obvious, even minor symptoms or
one of them are worth paying a visit to a doctor. Early stages of most
STD are easy to cure although some of them require long-term
treatment.
The most common STD symptoms are:
•Painful urination and pain during sexual intercourse
•Itchy, sore and irritated genital area
•Unusual and abnormal discharge from vagina/penis (may be
colored/with odor)
•Blisters or sores around genitals and anus
•Vaginal bleeding after sex
•Pain in lower abdominal
•Low fever and flu-like symptoms
•Pain in the testicles
•Bleeding between menstrual periods
•Urge to urinate often
Although the above mentioned symptoms are helpful in detecting STD,
the only reliable method is medical tests. Thus, annual medical check-
up is highly advisable for sexually active people.
Sexually transmitted
infections (STI) Sexually
transmitted infections
(or STIs)
Are infections that can be caught or passed
on when you have unprotected sex, or close
sexual contact, with another person who
already has an STI.
Using a condom for all types of sex is the best
way to avoid STIs and HIV. Vaccines can
prevent certain STIs like genital warts and
hepatitis B.
Reducing the number of sexual partners you
have and not mixing alcohol, drugs and sex
also means you’re less likely to get infected.
STIs should not be diagnosed yourself by
looking at pictures, because symptoms vary
from person to person.
Only a healthcare professional can diagnose
an STI. Find out more here about different
STIs, their symptoms, testing and treatment
options and how to protect yourself from
them. -
------------------
Sexually transmitted
infections (STI), also referred to
as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and
venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are
commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal
intercourse, anal sex and oral sex.
Most STIs initially do not
cause symptoms. This results
in a greater risk of passing the disease on to
others. Symptoms and signs of disease may
include vaginal discharge, penile discharge,
ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic
pain.
STIs acquired before or during birth may result
in poor outcomes for the baby. Some STIs
may cause problems with the ability to get
pregnant.
More than 30 different
bacteria, viruses, and
parasites can cause
STIs. Bacterial STIs include chlamydia,
gonorrhea, and syphilis among others. Viral
STIs include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and
genital warts among others.
Parasitic STIs include
trichomoniasis among
others. While usually spread by sex,
some STIs can also be spread by non-sexual
contact with contaminated blood and tissues,
breastfeeding, or during childbirth.[1] STI
diagnostic tests are easily available in the
developed world, but this is often not the case
in the developing world.
infections (STI) Sexually
transmitted infections
(or STIs)
Are infections that can be caught or passed
on when you have unprotected sex, or close
sexual contact, with another person who
already has an STI.
Using a condom for all types of sex is the best
way to avoid STIs and HIV. Vaccines can
prevent certain STIs like genital warts and
hepatitis B.
Reducing the number of sexual partners you
have and not mixing alcohol, drugs and sex
also means you’re less likely to get infected.
STIs should not be diagnosed yourself by
looking at pictures, because symptoms vary
from person to person.
Only a healthcare professional can diagnose
an STI. Find out more here about different
STIs, their symptoms, testing and treatment
options and how to protect yourself from
them. -
------------------
Sexually transmitted
infections (STI), also referred to
as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and
venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are
commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal
intercourse, anal sex and oral sex.
Most STIs initially do not
cause symptoms. This results
in a greater risk of passing the disease on to
others. Symptoms and signs of disease may
include vaginal discharge, penile discharge,
ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic
pain.
STIs acquired before or during birth may result
in poor outcomes for the baby. Some STIs
may cause problems with the ability to get
pregnant.
More than 30 different
bacteria, viruses, and
parasites can cause
STIs. Bacterial STIs include chlamydia,
gonorrhea, and syphilis among others. Viral
STIs include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and
genital warts among others.
Parasitic STIs include
trichomoniasis among
others. While usually spread by sex,
some STIs can also be spread by non-sexual
contact with contaminated blood and tissues,
breastfeeding, or during childbirth.[1] STI
diagnostic tests are easily available in the
developed world, but this is often not the case
in the developing world.
Your Guide to Sexually
Transmitted Diseases
What Are the Symptoms
of STDs?
Sometimes, there are no symptoms of STDs. If
symptoms are present, they may include one or
more of the following:
•Bumps, sores, or warts near the mouth , anus,
penis , or vagina .
•Swelling or redness near the penis or vagina.
• Skin rash.
• Painful urination.
• Weight loss, loose stools, night sweats.
•Aches, pains, fever, and chills.
•Yellowing of the skin (jaundice).
•Discharge from the penis or vagina. Vaginal
discharge may have an odor.
•Bleeding from the vagina other than during a
monthly period.
• Painful sex.
•Severe itching near the penis or vagina.
How Do I Know If I Have
an STD?
Talk to your doctor. He or she can examine you
and perform tests to determine if you have an
STD. Treatment can:
•Cure many STDs
•Lessen the symptoms of STDs
•Make it less likely that you will spread the
disease
•Help you to get healthy and stay healthy
How Are STDs Treated?
Many STDs are treated
with antibiotics .
If you are given an antibiotic to treat an STD, it's
important that you take all of the drug, even if the
symptoms go away. Also, never take someone
else's medicine to treat your illness.
By doing so, you may make it more difficult to
diagnose and treat the infection. Likewise, you
should not share your medicine with others.
Some doctors, however, may provide additional
antibiotics to be given to your partner so that
you can be treated at the same time.
Transmitted Diseases
What Are the Symptoms
of STDs?
Sometimes, there are no symptoms of STDs. If
symptoms are present, they may include one or
more of the following:
•Bumps, sores, or warts near the mouth , anus,
penis , or vagina .
•Swelling or redness near the penis or vagina.
• Skin rash.
• Painful urination.
• Weight loss, loose stools, night sweats.
•Aches, pains, fever, and chills.
•Yellowing of the skin (jaundice).
•Discharge from the penis or vagina. Vaginal
discharge may have an odor.
•Bleeding from the vagina other than during a
monthly period.
• Painful sex.
•Severe itching near the penis or vagina.
How Do I Know If I Have
an STD?
Talk to your doctor. He or she can examine you
and perform tests to determine if you have an
STD. Treatment can:
•Cure many STDs
•Lessen the symptoms of STDs
•Make it less likely that you will spread the
disease
•Help you to get healthy and stay healthy
How Are STDs Treated?
Many STDs are treated
with antibiotics .
If you are given an antibiotic to treat an STD, it's
important that you take all of the drug, even if the
symptoms go away. Also, never take someone
else's medicine to treat your illness.
By doing so, you may make it more difficult to
diagnose and treat the infection. Likewise, you
should not share your medicine with others.
Some doctors, however, may provide additional
antibiotics to be given to your partner so that
you can be treated at the same time.
How Can I Protect
Myself From STDs?
Here are some basic steps that you can take
to protect yourself from STDs:
•Consider that not having sex or sexual
relations (abstinence) is the only sure way to
prevent STDs.
•Use a latex condom every time you have
sex. (If you use a lubricant, make sure it is
water-based.)
•Limit your number of sexual partners. The
more partners you have, the more likely you
are to catch an STD.
•Practice monogamy. This means having sex
with only one person. That person must also
have sex with only you to reduce your risk.
•Choose your sex partners with care. Don't
have sex with someone whom you suspect
may have an STD. And keep in mind that you
can't always tell by looking if your partner
has an STD.
•Get checked for STDs.
Don't risk giving the
infection to someone
else.
•Don't use alcohol or drugs before you have
sex. You may be less likely to use a condom
if you are drunk or high.
•Know the signs and symptoms of STDs.
Look for them in yourself and your sex
partners.
•Learn about STDs. The more you know, the
better you can protect yourself.
How Can I Avoid
Spreading an STD?
•If you have an STD,
stop having sex until
you see a doctor and
are treated.
•Follow your doctor's instructions for
treatment.
•Use condoms whenever you have sex,
especially with new partners.
•Don't resume having sex unless your
doctor says it's okay.
•Return to your doctor to get rechecked.
•Be sure your sex partner or partners also
are treated.
Myself From STDs?
Here are some basic steps that you can take
to protect yourself from STDs:
•Consider that not having sex or sexual
relations (abstinence) is the only sure way to
prevent STDs.
•Use a latex condom every time you have
sex. (If you use a lubricant, make sure it is
water-based.)
•Limit your number of sexual partners. The
more partners you have, the more likely you
are to catch an STD.
•Practice monogamy. This means having sex
with only one person. That person must also
have sex with only you to reduce your risk.
•Choose your sex partners with care. Don't
have sex with someone whom you suspect
may have an STD. And keep in mind that you
can't always tell by looking if your partner
has an STD.
•Get checked for STDs.
Don't risk giving the
infection to someone
else.
•Don't use alcohol or drugs before you have
sex. You may be less likely to use a condom
if you are drunk or high.
•Know the signs and symptoms of STDs.
Look for them in yourself and your sex
partners.
•Learn about STDs. The more you know, the
better you can protect yourself.
How Can I Avoid
Spreading an STD?
•If you have an STD,
stop having sex until
you see a doctor and
are treated.
•Follow your doctor's instructions for
treatment.
•Use condoms whenever you have sex,
especially with new partners.
•Don't resume having sex unless your
doctor says it's okay.
•Return to your doctor to get rechecked.
•Be sure your sex partner or partners also
are treated.
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| Information and pictures on the most commonly sexually transmitted diseases. Free Diagnosis & Testing Options |
| Welcome to Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s / STD) Guide! Sexually transmitted disease Pictures & Images, Treatments - |
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For Sale...
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'' Miami Shores, Florida - Biscayne Park -
El Portal Beautiful Homes For Sale; Real
Estate Listings Of The Highest Quality...
-------------
'' North Miami, Florida Real Estate: Sans
Souci Estate, Keystone Point Homes And
Condos Listings, Gorgeous, Prestigious
Community..
------------
'' North Bay Village, Florida - Treasure
Island Real Estate & Homes, Conminiums
For Sale & Apartments For Lease...
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'' Aventura Florida - Williams Island -
Sunny Isles Beach: Real Estate Listings,
Homes, And Condos For Sale..
----'' Bay Harbor Islands, FL - Surfside -
North Bay Village Real Estate Listings &
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Real Estate:
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Real Estate Investing: Acquisitions, Listings, Selling, Renting, Consulting.
Acquisition: We will help you find excellent properties in the area you prefer for the price you
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-------------
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With us is more advertisements, more exposures, more showings, more offers, and more
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In 15 different languages that your real estate will be marketing and over 100 different websites,
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--------------
Selling: We will help you sell your property Fast & Quick for the top price With our multi
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CONTACT US…786-6317740
-----------------
Consulting: We will help you in making decision to invest in real estate.
Commercial or Residential, Houses, Condos, Town-Homes, Office buildings, Storage facilities,
Retail
centers, Warehouses, Residential apartment complexes, One of this should be suitable and
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------------
Renting: Are you looking for renting or leasing a real estate property in the South Florida Area?
We can help..
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CONTACT US with Questions, Comments, And Concerns to better serve you.
-----------------
Your opinion counts, we accept suggestions to provide better quality service.
-----------------
We will make every effort to answer you back within 24 hours.
I am committed to excellent service and making your real estate experience
the best it can be!
----------
Real Estate Investing: Acquisitions, Listings, Selling, Renting, Consulting.
Acquisition: We will help you find excellent properties in the area you prefer for the price you
can afford.
-------------
Listings: Having you a Real Estate Property For Sale? Let us help you put it on the market.
With us is more advertisements, more exposures, more showings, more offers, and more
money for your property.
In 15 different languages that your real estate will be marketing and over 100 different websites,
blogs, and social media pages.
--------------
Selling: We will help you sell your property Fast & Quick for the top price With our multi
marketing techniques.
CONTACT US…786-6317740
-----------------
Consulting: We will help you in making decision to invest in real estate.
Commercial or Residential, Houses, Condos, Town-Homes, Office buildings, Storage facilities,
Retail
centers, Warehouses, Residential apartment complexes, One of this should be suitable and
beneficial to you.
------------
Renting: Are you looking for renting or leasing a real estate property in the South Florida Area?
We can help..
-------------
CONTACT US with Questions, Comments, And Concerns to better serve you.
-----------------
Your opinion counts, we accept suggestions to provide better quality service.
-----------------
We will make every effort to answer you back within 24 hours.
Real Estate:
Luxury residences - luxury Homes For Sale - Luxury Properties In Luxury Communities. Aventura FL.
-Sunny Isles Beach - Bal Habour - Surfside - North Bay Village, Miami Shores.
------------------------
Keystone Point, Keystone Island - Sans Souci Estates North Miami Homes For Sale.
--------------------------
Have you ever wished you could take advantage of the Florida lifestyle? By finding a residence with
gorgeous amenities.
Waterfront, bay view, ocean view, PROPERTIES WITH tennis court, swimming pool, fitness facility,
guarded communities, family oriented neighborhood, enjoyable area, pet friendly neighborhood,
spacious clubhouse, on site management for your convenience. CONTACT ANTHONY JEANTY THE
SOUTH FLORIDA NEIGHBORHOOD REAL ESTATE AGENT... 786-631-7740
------------------
We're here to make your real estate dream becomes a reality. I believe you deserve the best service,
with one of the best professional in the real estate industry.
------------------
Homeowners; our sales have been excellent = We need your listings. Trust us we can sale your
property faster than you can imagine.
-----------------------------
Manufactured Homes: They are transported in one or more sections and are assembled at home site.
Today manufactured homes have many features found in traditional build homes and after putting
together a lot more features can be added depending on the community.
The land to put the manufactured home can be purchased, rented, leased
-----------------
Affordable Housing:
Affordable Housing provides reduced rate, price to qualified residents sometimes based of their
household income. Certainly other eligibility guidelines may required depend of the community.
Luxury residences - luxury Homes For Sale - Luxury Properties In Luxury Communities. Aventura FL.
-Sunny Isles Beach - Bal Habour - Surfside - North Bay Village, Miami Shores.
------------------------
Keystone Point, Keystone Island - Sans Souci Estates North Miami Homes For Sale.
--------------------------
Have you ever wished you could take advantage of the Florida lifestyle? By finding a residence with
gorgeous amenities.
Waterfront, bay view, ocean view, PROPERTIES WITH tennis court, swimming pool, fitness facility,
guarded communities, family oriented neighborhood, enjoyable area, pet friendly neighborhood,
spacious clubhouse, on site management for your convenience. CONTACT ANTHONY JEANTY THE
SOUTH FLORIDA NEIGHBORHOOD REAL ESTATE AGENT... 786-631-7740
------------------
We're here to make your real estate dream becomes a reality. I believe you deserve the best service,
with one of the best professional in the real estate industry.
------------------
Homeowners; our sales have been excellent = We need your listings. Trust us we can sale your
property faster than you can imagine.
-----------------------------
Manufactured Homes: They are transported in one or more sections and are assembled at home site.
Today manufactured homes have many features found in traditional build homes and after putting
together a lot more features can be added depending on the community.
The land to put the manufactured home can be purchased, rented, leased
-----------------
Affordable Housing:
Affordable Housing provides reduced rate, price to qualified residents sometimes based of their
household income. Certainly other eligibility guidelines may required depend of the community.
If you're looking to buy a home, whether you're
buying your first home or your fifth, the experience
can be exciting, confusing, overwhelming and also
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We're here to help you through the process with
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buying your first home or your fifth, the experience
can be exciting, confusing, overwhelming and also
wonderful — all at once!
We're here to help you through the process with
tools and resources from the beginning to the end.
Investment Homes - Income Producing Properties
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you can contact us at knowledgefinancial.com
We'll help you find much more than a house, town
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==============
As real estate professional in the south Florida area,
we've a wide selection of homes, including single
family homes, townhomes and condominiums, so
you're sure to find a home to fit your needs.
==============
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=======
At Knowledgefinancial.com You Can Find Information - Be Informed - Stay
Informed - Share Ideas. Learn What You Want, When You Want It...
Find out what your home is worth in today's market!
Using our wealth of resources we can provide you with an accurate,
in-depth Comparative Market Analysis, which will give you a realistic idea of
a selling price for your home.
This is a free, no-obligation service and your information always remains
private. The more details you can provide, the more accurate your report will
be.
Want to know what your home is worth?
Interested in the estimated value of a house for sale?
Simply fill out the form and quickly obtain the answers to these questions!
---------------
Free Real Estate Reports
Learn More about the Real Estate Market!
These tips and reports will help you step-by-step through the buying or
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=======
At Knowledgefinancial.com You Can Find Information - Be Informed - Stay
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Knowledge Financial Group - knowledgefinancial.com
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Please, refer this site to friends & family, co workers &
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========
Real Estate Knowledge; Everything you need to know
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Knowledgeable, licensed, experienced real estate
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If you are thinking about selling or buying a real estate
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You may need help, guidance, assistance.
Real Estate is our passion that's what we know best...
has it all. Here you can learn what you want when you
want it...
Please, refer this site to friends & family, co workers &
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bonus..
========
Real Estate Knowledge; Everything you need to know
before buying house or condo - townhome or co-op -
condo hotel or timeshare...
Knowledgeable, licensed, experienced real estate
professionals at your disposition. We work on behalf on
our clients..
======
If you are thinking about selling or buying a real estate
property in south Florida; Contact Anthony at:
You may need help, guidance, assistance.
Real Estate is our passion that's what we know best...
Home Buyers: We will help you find the right type of
homes for the right price in the right neighborhood.
We will help you negotiating the deal, preparing the
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When it comes to real estate, there is more than one kind
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As a realtor our duty is to make sure the buyers dream
becomes realty.
We have your best interest in heart....
======
homes for the right price in the right neighborhood.
We will help you negotiating the deal, preparing the
contract, and closing the deal..
======
When it comes to real estate, there is more than one kind
of dream home and each kind has it's own unique issues.
As a realtor our duty is to make sure the buyers dream
becomes realty.
We have your best interest in heart....
======
While a home is a major investment, it is also the center
of your personal life. It's important to live in a home that
reflects your taste and values, yet is within your
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To that end, it may be more important to lock in today's
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than to hope for a further break in prices in the future.
Please give me a call if I can be of any assistance in
determining how much home you can afford in today's
market.
of your personal life. It's important to live in a home that
reflects your taste and values, yet is within your
financial "comfort zone."
To that end, it may be more important to lock in today's
relatively low interest rates and low home prices, rather
than to hope for a further break in prices in the future.
Please give me a call if I can be of any assistance in
determining how much home you can afford in today's
market.
Professional Service
In order to maintain a very high professional standards
in order to provide the best service possible, Anthony
has established a strong team of professionals in
different area of real estate, mortgage, finance,
insurance, title company to help provide impeccable
service to their clients to ensure that every detail is
handled with perfection.
In order to maintain a very high professional standards
in order to provide the best service possible, Anthony
has established a strong team of professionals in
different area of real estate, mortgage, finance,
insurance, title company to help provide impeccable
service to their clients to ensure that every detail is
handled with perfection.
Home Buyers
How to Get Pre-Qualification And Pre-Approved for a Mortgage Home Loan??? LEARN
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=====
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======
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How much home can you afford?
Buying a home is a big deal. We can help you figure out how much money you have to work
with and bring clarity to your mortgage process.
=====
Home Buyers
Find Your Dream Home!
Whether you are looking for your first home, your last, or something in between, these buyer
resources will help you along your way!
====
Home Buyers
Here are a few things to think about as you start your home search. Access these buyer tips
and educate yourself on today's issues before making any offers. Knowledge you gain today
can save you headaches down the road!
=====
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====
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======
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ANTHONY JEANTY, REAL ESTATE PROFESSIONAL, REALTOR.
Single Family Homes - Condos - Waterfront Property - Commercial Real Estate - Income
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ANTHONY JEANTY serves the entire South Florida real estate market including the
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======
Some of the best properties for sale are displayed right here at knowledgefinancial.com . As
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How to Get Pre-Qualification And Pre-Approved for a Mortgage Home Loan??? LEARN
MORE About Pre-Qualification And Pre-Approved Here, Right Here...
=====
Find homes for sale near you—anytime, anywhere. With photo galleries and detailed
neighborhood maps, your future home will be at your fingertips at knowledgefinancial.com
======
Home Buyers
How much home can you afford?
Buying a home is a big deal. We can help you figure out how much money you have to work
with and bring clarity to your mortgage process.
=====
Home Buyers
Find Your Dream Home!
Whether you are looking for your first home, your last, or something in between, these buyer
resources will help you along your way!
====
Home Buyers
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Apartment buildings: duplex, triplex, four-plex and large multi-family
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Retail: strip malls, single tenant, shopping malls, power malls
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Eco-friendly
Office: executive offices, medical offices, government offices
Warehouses & Industrial
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Land Development
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Parking Garage
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insurance, real estate or investments, you should
always look for someone with the heart of a
teacher, not the heart of a salesman.”
Hiring an agent who has their finger on the pulse
of the market will make your buying/selling
experience an educated one. You need someone
who is going to tell you the truth, not just what
they think you want to hear.
Bottom Line:
You wouldn’t hike up Mt. Everest without a
Sherpa, or replace the engine in your car without a
trusted mechanic. Why would you make one of
your most important financial decisions of your life
without hiring a Real Estate Professional? REAL
ESTATE
SOUTH FLORIDA HOME SELLERS, ATTENTION
SELLERS: LET US HELP YOU SELLING YOUR
PROPERTY.
WITH US: IS MORE ADVERTISEMENT, MORE
EXPOSURE, MORE SHOWINGS, MORE OFFERS,
AND MORE MONEY FOR YOUR PROPERTY!
SOUTH FLORIDA HOMEOWNERS, CALL ANTONY
AT: - F. I. R.
VISIT: www.knowledgefinancial.com
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Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of the urinary tract. When it
affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection (cystitis) and when it affects
the upper urinary tract it is known as kidney infection (pyelonephritis).
Symptoms from a lower urinary tract include pain with urination, frequent urination, and
feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder.
Symptoms of a kidney infection include fever and flank pain usually in addition to the
symptoms of a lower UTI.
What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
A UTI is an infection in the urinary tract. Infections are caused by microbes—organisms too small to
be seen without a microscope—including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Bacteria are the most common
cause of UTIs.
Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract are rapidly removed by the body before they cause
symptoms. However, sometimes bacteria overcome the body’s natural defenses and cause infection.
An infection in the urethra is called urethritis.
A bladder infection is called cystitis. Bacteria may travel up the ureters to multiply and infect the
kidneys. A kidney infection is called pyelonephritis.
===============
What is the urinary tract?
The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary
tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are a pair of bean-
shaped organs, each about the size of a fist and located below the ribs, one on each side of the
spine, toward the middle of the back.
Every minute, a person’s kidneys filter about 3 ounces of blood, removing wastes and extra water.
The wastes and extra water make up the 1 to 2 quarts of urine a person produces each day. The
urine travels from the kidneys down two narrow tubes called the ureters. The urine is then stored in
a balloonlike organ called the bladder and emptied through the urethra, a tube at the bottom of the
bladder.
When the bladder empties, a muscle called the sphincter relaxes and urine flows out of the body
through the urethra. The opening of the urethra is at the end of the penis in males and in front of the
vagina in females.
=================
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of the urinary tract. When it
affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection (cystitis) and when it affects
the upper urinary tract it is known as kidney infection (pyelonephritis).
Symptoms from a lower urinary tract include pain with urination, frequent urination, and
feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder.
Symptoms of a kidney infection include fever and flank pain usually in addition to the
symptoms of a lower UTI.
What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
A UTI is an infection in the urinary tract. Infections are caused by microbes—organisms too small to
be seen without a microscope—including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Bacteria are the most common
cause of UTIs.
Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract are rapidly removed by the body before they cause
symptoms. However, sometimes bacteria overcome the body’s natural defenses and cause infection.
An infection in the urethra is called urethritis.
A bladder infection is called cystitis. Bacteria may travel up the ureters to multiply and infect the
kidneys. A kidney infection is called pyelonephritis.
===============
What is the urinary tract?
The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary
tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are a pair of bean-
shaped organs, each about the size of a fist and located below the ribs, one on each side of the
spine, toward the middle of the back.
Every minute, a person’s kidneys filter about 3 ounces of blood, removing wastes and extra water.
The wastes and extra water make up the 1 to 2 quarts of urine a person produces each day. The
urine travels from the kidneys down two narrow tubes called the ureters. The urine is then stored in
a balloonlike organ called the bladder and emptied through the urethra, a tube at the bottom of the
bladder.
When the bladder empties, a muscle called the sphincter relaxes and urine flows out of the body
through the urethra. The opening of the urethra is at the end of the penis in males and in front of the
vagina in females.
=================
What causes UTIs?
Sex
In young sexually active women, sexual activity is the cause of 75–90% of bladder
infections, with the risk of infection related to the frequency of sex.
The term "honeymoon cystitis" has been applied to this phenomenon of frequent UTIs
during early marriage. In post-menopausal women, sexual activity does not affect the risk of
developing a UTI. Spermicide use, independent of sexual frequency, increases the risk of
UTIs.
Diaphragm use is also associated. Condom use without spermicide or use of birth control
pills does not increase the risk of uncomplicated urinary tract infection.
Women are more prone to UTIs than men because, in females, the urethra is much shorter
and closer to the anus. As a woman's estrogen levels decrease with menopause, her risk of
urinary tract infections increases due to the loss of protective vaginal flora.
Additionally, vaginal atrophy that can sometimes occur after menopause is associated with
recurrent urinary tract infections
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that live in the bowel. The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli)
causes the vast majority of UTIs. Microbes called Chlamydia and Mycoplasma can infect the urethra
and reproductive system but not the bladder. Chlamydia and Mycoplasma infections may be
sexually transmitted and require treatment of sexual partners.
The urinary tract has several systems to prevent infection. The points where the ureters attach to
the bladder act like one-way valves to prevent urine from backing up toward the kidneys, and
urination washes microbes out of the body.
In men, the prostate gland produces secretions that slow bacterial growth. In both sexes, immune
defenses also prevent infection. But despite these safeguards, infections still occur. Certain
bacteria have a strong ability to attach themselves to the lining of the urinary tract.
=============
How common are UTIs in adults?
Urinary tract infections are the second most common type of infection in the body, accounting for
about 8.1 million visits to health care providers each year.1 Women are especially prone to UTIs for
anatomical reasons.
One factor is that a woman’s urethra is shorter, allowing bacteria quicker access to the bladder.
Also, a woman’s urethral opening is near sources of bacteria from the anus and vagina. For women,
the lifetime risk of having a UTI is greater than 50 percent.2 UTIs in men are not as common as in
women but can be serious when they occur.
==========
Who is at risk for a UTI?
Although everyone has some risk, some people are more prone to getting UTIs than others. People
with spinal cord injuries or other nerve damage around the bladder have difficulty emptying their
bladder completely, allowing bacteria to grow in the urine that stays in the bladder.
Anyone with an abnormality of the urinary tract that obstructs the flow of urine—a kidney stone or
enlarged prostate, for example—is at risk for a UTI. People with diabetes or problems with the body’
s natural defense system are more likely to get UTIs.
Sexual activity can move microbes from the bowel or vaginal cavity to the urethral opening. If these
microbes have special characteristics that allow them to live in the urinary tract, it is harder for the
body to remove them quickly enough to prevent infection.
Following sexual intercourse, most women have a significant number of bacteria in their urine, but
the body normally clears them within 24 hours. However, some forms of birth control increase the
risk of UTI. In some women, certain spermicides may irritate the skin, increasing the risk of bacteria
invading surrounding tissues.
Using a diaphragm may slow urinary flow and allow bacteria to multiply. Condom use is also
associated with increased risk of UTIs, possibly because of the increased trauma that occurs to the
vagina during sexual activity. Using spermicides with diaphragms and condoms can increase risk
even further.
Another common source of infection is catheters, or tubes, placed in the urethra and bladder.
Catheters interfere with the body’s ability to clear microbes from the urinary tract. Bacteria travel
through or around the catheter and establish a place where they can thrive within the bladder.
A person who cannot urinate in the normal way or who is unconscious or critically ill often needs a
catheter for more than a few days.
The Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends using catheters for the shortest time
possible to reduce the risk of a UTI.3
================
Recurrent Infections
Many women suffer from frequent UTIs. About 20 percent of young women with a first UTI will have
a recurrent infection.4 With each UTI, the risk that a woman will continue having recurrent UTIs
increases.5 Some women have three or more UTIs a year.
However, very few women will have frequent infections throughout their lives. More typically, a
woman will have a period of 1 or 2 years with frequent infections, after which recurring infections
cease.
Men are less likely than women to have a first UTI. But once a man has a UTI, he is likely to have
another because bacteria can hide deep inside prostate tissue. Anyone who has diabetes or a
problem that makes it hard to urinate may have repeat infections.
Research funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggests that one factor behind
recurrent UTIs may be the ability of bacteria to attach to cells lining the urinary tract. One NIH-
funded study found that bacteria formed a protective film on the inner lining of the bladder in mice.
6 If a similar process can be demonstrated in humans, the discovery may lead to new treatments to
prevent recurrent UTIs.
Another line of research has indicated that women who are “nonsecretors” of certain blood group
antigens may be more prone to recurrent UTIs because the cells lining the vagina and urethra may
allow bacteria to attach more easily.
A nonsecretor is a person with an A, B, or AB blood type who does not secrete the normal antigens
for that blood type in bodily fluids, such as fluids that line the bladder wall.7
Infections during Pregnancy
Pregnant women seem no more prone to UTIs than other
women.
However, when a UTI does occur in a pregnant woman, it is more likely to travel to the kidneys.
According to some reports, about 4 to 5 percent of pregnant women develop a UTI.8 Scientists
think that hormonal changes and shifts in the position of the urinary tract during pregnancy make it
easier for bacteria to travel up the ureters to the kidneys and cause infection. For this reason,
health care providers routinely screen pregnant women for bacteria in the urine during the first 3
months of pregnancy.
Are UTIs serious?
Most UTIs are not serious, but some infections can lead to
serious problems, such as kidney infections. Chronic kidney infections—infections that
recur or last a long time—can cause permanent damage, including kidney scars, poor kidney
function, high blood pressure, and other problems.
Some acute kidney infections—infections that develop suddenly—can be life
threatening, especially if the bacteria enter the bloodstream, a condition called septicemia.
What are the signs and symptoms of a UTI?
Symptoms of a UTI vary by age, gender, and whether a
catheter is present. Among young women, UTI symptoms typically include a frequent
and intense urge to urinate and a painful, burning feeling in the bladder or urethra during
urination. The amount of urine may be very small. Older women and men are more likely to be tired,
shaky, and weak and have muscle aches and abdominal pain.
Urine may look cloudy, dark, or bloody or have a foul smell.
In a person with a catheter, the only symptom may be fever that cannot be attributed to any other
cause. Normally, UTIs do not cause fever if they are in the bladder.
A fever may mean the infection has reached the kidneys or
has penetrated the prostate. Other symptoms of a kidney infection include pain in
the back or side below the ribs, nausea, and vomiting.
How are UTIs diagnosed?
To find out whether a person has a UTI, the health care provider will ask
about urinary symptoms and then test a sample of urine for the presence of bacteria and white
blood cells, which are produced by the body to fight infection.
Because bacteria can be found in the urine of healthy
individuals, a UTI is diagnosed based both on symptoms and a laboratory test. The person
will be asked to give a “clean catch” urine sample by washing the genital area and collecting a
“midstream” sample of urine in a sterile container.
This method of collecting urine helps prevent bacteria around the genital area from getting into the
sample and confusing the test results. Usually, the sample is sent to a laboratory, although some
health care providers’ offices are equipped to do the testing.
For people with recurring infections and patients in the hospital, the urine may be cultured. The
culture is performed by placing part of the urine sample in a tube or dish with a substance that
encourages any bacteria present to grow.
Once the bacteria have multiplied, which usually takes 1 to 3
days, they can be identified. The health care provider may also order a sensitivity test, which
tests the bacteria for sensitivity to different antibiotics to see which medication is best for treating
the infection.
If a person has recurrent UTIs, the health care provider may order some additional tests to
determine if the person’s urinary tract is normal.
Kidney and bladder ultrasound. Ultrasound uses a device,
called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their
structure.
The procedure is performed in a health care provider’s
office, outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are
interpreted by a radiologist—a doctor who specializes in medical imaging; anesthesia is not needed.
The images can show abnormalities in the kidneys and bladder. However, this test cannot reveal all
important urinary abnormalities or measure how well the kidneys work.
Voiding cystourethrogram. This test is an x-ray image of the bladder and
urethra taken while the bladder is full and during urination, also called voiding. As the person lies
on the x-ray table, a health care provider inserts the tip of a thin, flexible tube called a catheter
through the urethra into the bladder.
The bladder and urethra are filled with a special dye called contrast
medium, to make the structures clearly visible on the x-ray images. The x
rays are taken from various angles while the bladder is full of contrast medium. The catheter is
then removed and x-ray images are taken during urination. The procedure is performed in a health
care provider’s office, outpatient center, or hospital by an x-ray technician.
The technician is supervised by a radiologist while the images are taken. The radiologist then
interprets the images. Anesthesia is not needed, but light sedation may be used for some people.
This test can show abnormalities of the inside of the urethra and bladder. The test can also
determine whether the flow of urine is normal when the bladder empties.
Computerized tomography (CT) scan. CT scans use a combination of x rays
and computer technology to create three-dimensional (3-D) images. A CT scan may include the
injection of contrast medium. CT scans require the person to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-
shaped device where the x rays are taken.
The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or hospital by an x-ray technician, and the
images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed. CT scans can provide clearer,
more detailed images to help the health care provider understand the problem.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI machines use radio waves and
magnets to produce detailed pictures of the body’s internal organs and soft tissues without using x
rays. An MRI may include an injection of contrast medium.
With most MRI machines, the person lies on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device that may
be open ended or closed at one end; some newer machines are designed to allow the person to lie
in a more open space.
The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or hospital by a specially trained technician,
and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed though light sedation
may be used for people with a fear of confined spaces. Like CT scans, MRIs can provide clearer,
more detailed images.
Radionuclide scan. A radionuclide scan is an imaging technique that relies on the
detection of small amounts of radiation after injection of radioactive chemicals. Because the dose
of the radioactive chemicals is small, the risk of causing damage to cells is low.
Special cameras and computers are used to create images of the radioactive chemicals as they
pass through the kidneys. Radionuclide scans are performed in a health care provider’s office,
outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a
radiologist; anesthesia is not needed.
Radioactive chemicals injected into the blood can provide
information about kidney function. Radioactive chemicals can also be put
into the fluids used to fill the bladder and urethra for x ray, MRI, and CT imaging.
Urodynamics. Urodynamic testing is any procedure that
looks at how well the bladder, sphincters, and urethra are storing and releasing
urine. Most of these tests are performed in the office of a urologist—a doctor who specializes in
urinary problems—by a urologist, physician assistant, or nurse practitioner.
Some procedures may require light sedation to keep a
person calm. Most urodynamic tests focus on the bladder’s ability to hold urine and empty
steadily and completely. Urodynamic tests can also show whether the bladder is having abnormal
contractions that cause leakage. A health care provider may order these tests if there is evidence
that the person has some kind of nerve damage.
Cystoscopy. Cystoscopy is a procedure that uses a tubelike
instrument to look inside the urethra and bladder. Cystoscopy is
performed by a doctor in a health care provider’s office, outpatient facility, or hospital with local
anesthesia.
However, in some cases, sedation and regional or general anesthesia are needed. Cystoscopy may
be used to look for swelling, redness, and other signs of infection.
How are UTIs treated?
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, which are treated with
bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics or
antimicrobials. The choice of medication and length of treatment depend on the patient’s
history and the type of bacteria causing the infection. Some antibiotics may be ruled out if a person
has allergies to them.
The sensitivity test takes 48 hours to complete and is especially useful in helping the health care
provider select the antibiotic most likely to be effective in treating an infection. Longer treatment
may be needed if the first antibiotic given is not effective.
When a UTI occurs in a healthy person with a normal,
unobstructed urinary tract, the term uncomplicated is used to describe the
infection. Most young women who have UTIs have uncomplicated UTIs, which can be cured with 2
or 3 days of treatment. Single-dose treatment is less effective. Longer treatment causes more side
effects and is not more effective.
A follow-up urinalysis helps to confirm the urinary tract is infection-free. Taking the full course of
treatment is important because symptoms may disappear before the infection is fully cleared.
Complicated UTIs occur when a person—for example, a
pregnant woman or a transplant patient—is weakened by
another condition. A UTI is also complicated when the person has a structural or
functional abnormality of the urinary tract, such as an obstructive kidney stone or prostate
enlargement that squeezes the urethra. Health care providers should assume that men and boys
have a complicated UTI until proven otherwise.
Severely ill patients with kidney infections may be
hospitalized until they can take fluids and needed
medications on their own. Kidney infections may require several weeks of
antibiotic treatment. Kidney infections in adults rarely lead to kidney damage or kidney failure
unless they go untreated or are associated with urinary tract obstruction.
Bladder infections are generally self-limiting, but antibiotic treatment
significantly shortens the duration of symptoms. People usually feel better within a day or two of
treatment. Symptoms of kidney and prostate infections last longer.
Drinking lots of fluids and urinating frequently will speed
healing. If needed, various medications are available to relieve the pain of a UTI. A heating
pad on the back or abdomen may also help.
Recurrent Infections in Women
Health care providers may advise women who have recurrent UTIs to try one of the following
treatment options:
Take low doses of the prescribed antibiotic daily for 6
months or longer. If taken at bedtime, the medication remains in the bladder longer and
may be more effective. NIH-supported research has shown this therapy to be effective without
causing serious side effects.
Take a single dose of an antibiotic after sexual intercourse.
Take a short course—2 or 3 days—of an antibiotic when symptoms appear.
To try to prevent an infection, health care providers may
suggest women
drink plenty of water every day
urinate when the need arises and avoid resisting the urge to urinate
urinate after sexual intercourse
switch to a different method of birth control if recurring UTIs are a problem
Infections during Pregnancy
During pregnancy, bacterial infection of the urine—even in the absence of symptoms—can pose
risks to both the mother and the baby. Some antibiotics are not safe to take during pregnancy. In
selecting the best treatments, health care providers consider various factors such as the
medication’s effectiveness, the stage of pregnancy, the mother’s health, and potential effects on
the fetus.
Complicated Infections
Curing infections that stem from a urinary obstruction or other systemic disorder depends on
finding and correcting the underlying problem, sometimes with surgery. If the root cause goes
untreated, this group of patients is at risk for kidney damage. Also, such infections tend to arise
from a wider range of bacteria and sometimes from more than one type of bacteria at a time.
Infections in Men
Urinary tract infections in men are often the result of an obstruction—for example, a urinary stone
or enlarged prostate—or are from a catheter used during a medical procedure. The first step in
treating such an infection is to identify the infecting organism and the medications to which it is
sensitive.
Prostate infections—chronic bacterial prostatitis—are harder to cure because
antibiotics may be unable to penetrate infected prostate tissue effectively. For this reason, men
with bacterial prostatitis often need long-term treatment with a carefully selected antibiotic. UTIs in
men are frequently associated with acute bacterial prostatitis, which can be life threatening if not
treated urgently.
How can recurrent UTIs be prevented?
===============
Treatment
The mainstay of treatment is antibiotics. Phenazopyridine is occasionally prescribed during the first
few days in addition to antibiotics to help with the burning and urgency sometimes felt during a
bladder infection.
However, it is not routinely recommended due to safety concerns with its use, specifically an
elevated risk of methemoglobinemia (higher than normal level of methemoglobin in the blood).[55]
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) may be used for fevers. There is no good evidence for the use of
cranberry products for treating current infections.
=====================
Changing some daily habits may help a person prevent
recurrent UTIs.
Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
Drinking lots of fluid can help flush bacteria from the system. Water is best. Most people should try
for six to eight, 8-ounce glasses a day. Talk with your health care provider if you can’t drink the
recommended amount due to other health problems, such as urinary incontinence, urinary
frequency, or kidney failure.
Urination Habits
A person should urinate often and when the urge arises. Bacteria can grow when urine stays in the
bladder too long. Women and men should urinate shortly after sex to flush away bacteria that might
have entered the urethra during sex. Drinking a glass of water will also help flush bacteria away.
After using the toilet, women should wipe from front to back. This step is most important after a
bowel movement to keep bacteria from getting into the urethra.
Clothing
Cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothes should be worn, so air can keep the area around the
urethra dry. Tight-fitting jeans and nylon underwear should be avoided because they can trap
moisture and help bacteria grow.
Birth Control
For women, using a diaphragm or spermicide for birth control can lead to UTIs by increasing
bacteria growth. A woman who has trouble with UTIs should try switching to a new form of birth
control. Unlubricated condoms or spermicidal condoms increase irritation, which may help bacteria
grow. Switching to lubricated condoms without spermicide or using a nonspermicidal lubricant may
help prevent UTIs.
Points to Remember
Most urinary tract infections (UTIs) arise from one type of bacteria,
Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally lives in the bowel.
Symptoms of a UTI in adults may include the following:
a frequent and intense urge to urinate
a painful, burning feeling in the bladder or urethra during urination
feeling tired, shaky, and weak
muscle aches
abdominal pain
only small amounts of urine passed, despite a strong urge to urinate
cloudy, dark, or bloody urine or urine that has a foul smell
pain in the back or side below the ribs
nausea and vomiting
Fever may indicate a kidney or prostate infection.
Because bacteria can be found in the urine of healthy individuals, a UTI is
diagnosed based both on symptoms and a laboratory test.
UTIs are treated with bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics or
antimicrobials.
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and other
components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct and support research into many
diseases and conditions.
What are clinical trials, and are they right for you?
Clinical trials are part of clinical research and at the heart of all medical advances. Clinical trials
look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease. Researchers also use clinical trials to look at
other aspects of care, such as improving the quality of life for people with chronic illnesses. Find
out if clinical trials are right for you .
What clinical trials are open?
Clinical trials that are currently open and are recruiting can be viewed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov .
This information may contain content about medications and, when taken as prescribed, the
conditions they treat. When prepared, this content included the most current information available.
For updates or for questions about any medications,
Sex
In young sexually active women, sexual activity is the cause of 75–90% of bladder
infections, with the risk of infection related to the frequency of sex.
The term "honeymoon cystitis" has been applied to this phenomenon of frequent UTIs
during early marriage. In post-menopausal women, sexual activity does not affect the risk of
developing a UTI. Spermicide use, independent of sexual frequency, increases the risk of
UTIs.
Diaphragm use is also associated. Condom use without spermicide or use of birth control
pills does not increase the risk of uncomplicated urinary tract infection.
Women are more prone to UTIs than men because, in females, the urethra is much shorter
and closer to the anus. As a woman's estrogen levels decrease with menopause, her risk of
urinary tract infections increases due to the loss of protective vaginal flora.
Additionally, vaginal atrophy that can sometimes occur after menopause is associated with
recurrent urinary tract infections
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that live in the bowel. The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli)
causes the vast majority of UTIs. Microbes called Chlamydia and Mycoplasma can infect the urethra
and reproductive system but not the bladder. Chlamydia and Mycoplasma infections may be
sexually transmitted and require treatment of sexual partners.
The urinary tract has several systems to prevent infection. The points where the ureters attach to
the bladder act like one-way valves to prevent urine from backing up toward the kidneys, and
urination washes microbes out of the body.
In men, the prostate gland produces secretions that slow bacterial growth. In both sexes, immune
defenses also prevent infection. But despite these safeguards, infections still occur. Certain
bacteria have a strong ability to attach themselves to the lining of the urinary tract.
=============
How common are UTIs in adults?
Urinary tract infections are the second most common type of infection in the body, accounting for
about 8.1 million visits to health care providers each year.1 Women are especially prone to UTIs for
anatomical reasons.
One factor is that a woman’s urethra is shorter, allowing bacteria quicker access to the bladder.
Also, a woman’s urethral opening is near sources of bacteria from the anus and vagina. For women,
the lifetime risk of having a UTI is greater than 50 percent.2 UTIs in men are not as common as in
women but can be serious when they occur.
==========
Who is at risk for a UTI?
Although everyone has some risk, some people are more prone to getting UTIs than others. People
with spinal cord injuries or other nerve damage around the bladder have difficulty emptying their
bladder completely, allowing bacteria to grow in the urine that stays in the bladder.
Anyone with an abnormality of the urinary tract that obstructs the flow of urine—a kidney stone or
enlarged prostate, for example—is at risk for a UTI. People with diabetes or problems with the body’
s natural defense system are more likely to get UTIs.
Sexual activity can move microbes from the bowel or vaginal cavity to the urethral opening. If these
microbes have special characteristics that allow them to live in the urinary tract, it is harder for the
body to remove them quickly enough to prevent infection.
Following sexual intercourse, most women have a significant number of bacteria in their urine, but
the body normally clears them within 24 hours. However, some forms of birth control increase the
risk of UTI. In some women, certain spermicides may irritate the skin, increasing the risk of bacteria
invading surrounding tissues.
Using a diaphragm may slow urinary flow and allow bacteria to multiply. Condom use is also
associated with increased risk of UTIs, possibly because of the increased trauma that occurs to the
vagina during sexual activity. Using spermicides with diaphragms and condoms can increase risk
even further.
Another common source of infection is catheters, or tubes, placed in the urethra and bladder.
Catheters interfere with the body’s ability to clear microbes from the urinary tract. Bacteria travel
through or around the catheter and establish a place where they can thrive within the bladder.
A person who cannot urinate in the normal way or who is unconscious or critically ill often needs a
catheter for more than a few days.
The Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends using catheters for the shortest time
possible to reduce the risk of a UTI.3
================
Recurrent Infections
Many women suffer from frequent UTIs. About 20 percent of young women with a first UTI will have
a recurrent infection.4 With each UTI, the risk that a woman will continue having recurrent UTIs
increases.5 Some women have three or more UTIs a year.
However, very few women will have frequent infections throughout their lives. More typically, a
woman will have a period of 1 or 2 years with frequent infections, after which recurring infections
cease.
Men are less likely than women to have a first UTI. But once a man has a UTI, he is likely to have
another because bacteria can hide deep inside prostate tissue. Anyone who has diabetes or a
problem that makes it hard to urinate may have repeat infections.
Research funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggests that one factor behind
recurrent UTIs may be the ability of bacteria to attach to cells lining the urinary tract. One NIH-
funded study found that bacteria formed a protective film on the inner lining of the bladder in mice.
6 If a similar process can be demonstrated in humans, the discovery may lead to new treatments to
prevent recurrent UTIs.
Another line of research has indicated that women who are “nonsecretors” of certain blood group
antigens may be more prone to recurrent UTIs because the cells lining the vagina and urethra may
allow bacteria to attach more easily.
A nonsecretor is a person with an A, B, or AB blood type who does not secrete the normal antigens
for that blood type in bodily fluids, such as fluids that line the bladder wall.7
Infections during Pregnancy
Pregnant women seem no more prone to UTIs than other
women.
However, when a UTI does occur in a pregnant woman, it is more likely to travel to the kidneys.
According to some reports, about 4 to 5 percent of pregnant women develop a UTI.8 Scientists
think that hormonal changes and shifts in the position of the urinary tract during pregnancy make it
easier for bacteria to travel up the ureters to the kidneys and cause infection. For this reason,
health care providers routinely screen pregnant women for bacteria in the urine during the first 3
months of pregnancy.
Are UTIs serious?
Most UTIs are not serious, but some infections can lead to
serious problems, such as kidney infections. Chronic kidney infections—infections that
recur or last a long time—can cause permanent damage, including kidney scars, poor kidney
function, high blood pressure, and other problems.
Some acute kidney infections—infections that develop suddenly—can be life
threatening, especially if the bacteria enter the bloodstream, a condition called septicemia.
What are the signs and symptoms of a UTI?
Symptoms of a UTI vary by age, gender, and whether a
catheter is present. Among young women, UTI symptoms typically include a frequent
and intense urge to urinate and a painful, burning feeling in the bladder or urethra during
urination. The amount of urine may be very small. Older women and men are more likely to be tired,
shaky, and weak and have muscle aches and abdominal pain.
Urine may look cloudy, dark, or bloody or have a foul smell.
In a person with a catheter, the only symptom may be fever that cannot be attributed to any other
cause. Normally, UTIs do not cause fever if they are in the bladder.
A fever may mean the infection has reached the kidneys or
has penetrated the prostate. Other symptoms of a kidney infection include pain in
the back or side below the ribs, nausea, and vomiting.
How are UTIs diagnosed?
To find out whether a person has a UTI, the health care provider will ask
about urinary symptoms and then test a sample of urine for the presence of bacteria and white
blood cells, which are produced by the body to fight infection.
Because bacteria can be found in the urine of healthy
individuals, a UTI is diagnosed based both on symptoms and a laboratory test. The person
will be asked to give a “clean catch” urine sample by washing the genital area and collecting a
“midstream” sample of urine in a sterile container.
This method of collecting urine helps prevent bacteria around the genital area from getting into the
sample and confusing the test results. Usually, the sample is sent to a laboratory, although some
health care providers’ offices are equipped to do the testing.
For people with recurring infections and patients in the hospital, the urine may be cultured. The
culture is performed by placing part of the urine sample in a tube or dish with a substance that
encourages any bacteria present to grow.
Once the bacteria have multiplied, which usually takes 1 to 3
days, they can be identified. The health care provider may also order a sensitivity test, which
tests the bacteria for sensitivity to different antibiotics to see which medication is best for treating
the infection.
If a person has recurrent UTIs, the health care provider may order some additional tests to
determine if the person’s urinary tract is normal.
Kidney and bladder ultrasound. Ultrasound uses a device,
called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their
structure.
The procedure is performed in a health care provider’s
office, outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are
interpreted by a radiologist—a doctor who specializes in medical imaging; anesthesia is not needed.
The images can show abnormalities in the kidneys and bladder. However, this test cannot reveal all
important urinary abnormalities or measure how well the kidneys work.
Voiding cystourethrogram. This test is an x-ray image of the bladder and
urethra taken while the bladder is full and during urination, also called voiding. As the person lies
on the x-ray table, a health care provider inserts the tip of a thin, flexible tube called a catheter
through the urethra into the bladder.
The bladder and urethra are filled with a special dye called contrast
medium, to make the structures clearly visible on the x-ray images. The x
rays are taken from various angles while the bladder is full of contrast medium. The catheter is
then removed and x-ray images are taken during urination. The procedure is performed in a health
care provider’s office, outpatient center, or hospital by an x-ray technician.
The technician is supervised by a radiologist while the images are taken. The radiologist then
interprets the images. Anesthesia is not needed, but light sedation may be used for some people.
This test can show abnormalities of the inside of the urethra and bladder. The test can also
determine whether the flow of urine is normal when the bladder empties.
Computerized tomography (CT) scan. CT scans use a combination of x rays
and computer technology to create three-dimensional (3-D) images. A CT scan may include the
injection of contrast medium. CT scans require the person to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-
shaped device where the x rays are taken.
The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or hospital by an x-ray technician, and the
images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed. CT scans can provide clearer,
more detailed images to help the health care provider understand the problem.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI machines use radio waves and
magnets to produce detailed pictures of the body’s internal organs and soft tissues without using x
rays. An MRI may include an injection of contrast medium.
With most MRI machines, the person lies on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device that may
be open ended or closed at one end; some newer machines are designed to allow the person to lie
in a more open space.
The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or hospital by a specially trained technician,
and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed though light sedation
may be used for people with a fear of confined spaces. Like CT scans, MRIs can provide clearer,
more detailed images.
Radionuclide scan. A radionuclide scan is an imaging technique that relies on the
detection of small amounts of radiation after injection of radioactive chemicals. Because the dose
of the radioactive chemicals is small, the risk of causing damage to cells is low.
Special cameras and computers are used to create images of the radioactive chemicals as they
pass through the kidneys. Radionuclide scans are performed in a health care provider’s office,
outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a
radiologist; anesthesia is not needed.
Radioactive chemicals injected into the blood can provide
information about kidney function. Radioactive chemicals can also be put
into the fluids used to fill the bladder and urethra for x ray, MRI, and CT imaging.
Urodynamics. Urodynamic testing is any procedure that
looks at how well the bladder, sphincters, and urethra are storing and releasing
urine. Most of these tests are performed in the office of a urologist—a doctor who specializes in
urinary problems—by a urologist, physician assistant, or nurse practitioner.
Some procedures may require light sedation to keep a
person calm. Most urodynamic tests focus on the bladder’s ability to hold urine and empty
steadily and completely. Urodynamic tests can also show whether the bladder is having abnormal
contractions that cause leakage. A health care provider may order these tests if there is evidence
that the person has some kind of nerve damage.
Cystoscopy. Cystoscopy is a procedure that uses a tubelike
instrument to look inside the urethra and bladder. Cystoscopy is
performed by a doctor in a health care provider’s office, outpatient facility, or hospital with local
anesthesia.
However, in some cases, sedation and regional or general anesthesia are needed. Cystoscopy may
be used to look for swelling, redness, and other signs of infection.
How are UTIs treated?
Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, which are treated with
bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics or
antimicrobials. The choice of medication and length of treatment depend on the patient’s
history and the type of bacteria causing the infection. Some antibiotics may be ruled out if a person
has allergies to them.
The sensitivity test takes 48 hours to complete and is especially useful in helping the health care
provider select the antibiotic most likely to be effective in treating an infection. Longer treatment
may be needed if the first antibiotic given is not effective.
When a UTI occurs in a healthy person with a normal,
unobstructed urinary tract, the term uncomplicated is used to describe the
infection. Most young women who have UTIs have uncomplicated UTIs, which can be cured with 2
or 3 days of treatment. Single-dose treatment is less effective. Longer treatment causes more side
effects and is not more effective.
A follow-up urinalysis helps to confirm the urinary tract is infection-free. Taking the full course of
treatment is important because symptoms may disappear before the infection is fully cleared.
Complicated UTIs occur when a person—for example, a
pregnant woman or a transplant patient—is weakened by
another condition. A UTI is also complicated when the person has a structural or
functional abnormality of the urinary tract, such as an obstructive kidney stone or prostate
enlargement that squeezes the urethra. Health care providers should assume that men and boys
have a complicated UTI until proven otherwise.
Severely ill patients with kidney infections may be
hospitalized until they can take fluids and needed
medications on their own. Kidney infections may require several weeks of
antibiotic treatment. Kidney infections in adults rarely lead to kidney damage or kidney failure
unless they go untreated or are associated with urinary tract obstruction.
Bladder infections are generally self-limiting, but antibiotic treatment
significantly shortens the duration of symptoms. People usually feel better within a day or two of
treatment. Symptoms of kidney and prostate infections last longer.
Drinking lots of fluids and urinating frequently will speed
healing. If needed, various medications are available to relieve the pain of a UTI. A heating
pad on the back or abdomen may also help.
Recurrent Infections in Women
Health care providers may advise women who have recurrent UTIs to try one of the following
treatment options:
Take low doses of the prescribed antibiotic daily for 6
months or longer. If taken at bedtime, the medication remains in the bladder longer and
may be more effective. NIH-supported research has shown this therapy to be effective without
causing serious side effects.
Take a single dose of an antibiotic after sexual intercourse.
Take a short course—2 or 3 days—of an antibiotic when symptoms appear.
To try to prevent an infection, health care providers may
suggest women
drink plenty of water every day
urinate when the need arises and avoid resisting the urge to urinate
urinate after sexual intercourse
switch to a different method of birth control if recurring UTIs are a problem
Infections during Pregnancy
During pregnancy, bacterial infection of the urine—even in the absence of symptoms—can pose
risks to both the mother and the baby. Some antibiotics are not safe to take during pregnancy. In
selecting the best treatments, health care providers consider various factors such as the
medication’s effectiveness, the stage of pregnancy, the mother’s health, and potential effects on
the fetus.
Complicated Infections
Curing infections that stem from a urinary obstruction or other systemic disorder depends on
finding and correcting the underlying problem, sometimes with surgery. If the root cause goes
untreated, this group of patients is at risk for kidney damage. Also, such infections tend to arise
from a wider range of bacteria and sometimes from more than one type of bacteria at a time.
Infections in Men
Urinary tract infections in men are often the result of an obstruction—for example, a urinary stone
or enlarged prostate—or are from a catheter used during a medical procedure. The first step in
treating such an infection is to identify the infecting organism and the medications to which it is
sensitive.
Prostate infections—chronic bacterial prostatitis—are harder to cure because
antibiotics may be unable to penetrate infected prostate tissue effectively. For this reason, men
with bacterial prostatitis often need long-term treatment with a carefully selected antibiotic. UTIs in
men are frequently associated with acute bacterial prostatitis, which can be life threatening if not
treated urgently.
How can recurrent UTIs be prevented?
===============
Treatment
The mainstay of treatment is antibiotics. Phenazopyridine is occasionally prescribed during the first
few days in addition to antibiotics to help with the burning and urgency sometimes felt during a
bladder infection.
However, it is not routinely recommended due to safety concerns with its use, specifically an
elevated risk of methemoglobinemia (higher than normal level of methemoglobin in the blood).[55]
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) may be used for fevers. There is no good evidence for the use of
cranberry products for treating current infections.
=====================
Changing some daily habits may help a person prevent
recurrent UTIs.
Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
Drinking lots of fluid can help flush bacteria from the system. Water is best. Most people should try
for six to eight, 8-ounce glasses a day. Talk with your health care provider if you can’t drink the
recommended amount due to other health problems, such as urinary incontinence, urinary
frequency, or kidney failure.
Urination Habits
A person should urinate often and when the urge arises. Bacteria can grow when urine stays in the
bladder too long. Women and men should urinate shortly after sex to flush away bacteria that might
have entered the urethra during sex. Drinking a glass of water will also help flush bacteria away.
After using the toilet, women should wipe from front to back. This step is most important after a
bowel movement to keep bacteria from getting into the urethra.
Clothing
Cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothes should be worn, so air can keep the area around the
urethra dry. Tight-fitting jeans and nylon underwear should be avoided because they can trap
moisture and help bacteria grow.
Birth Control
For women, using a diaphragm or spermicide for birth control can lead to UTIs by increasing
bacteria growth. A woman who has trouble with UTIs should try switching to a new form of birth
control. Unlubricated condoms or spermicidal condoms increase irritation, which may help bacteria
grow. Switching to lubricated condoms without spermicide or using a nonspermicidal lubricant may
help prevent UTIs.
Points to Remember
Most urinary tract infections (UTIs) arise from one type of bacteria,
Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally lives in the bowel.
Symptoms of a UTI in adults may include the following:
a frequent and intense urge to urinate
a painful, burning feeling in the bladder or urethra during urination
feeling tired, shaky, and weak
muscle aches
abdominal pain
only small amounts of urine passed, despite a strong urge to urinate
cloudy, dark, or bloody urine or urine that has a foul smell
pain in the back or side below the ribs
nausea and vomiting
Fever may indicate a kidney or prostate infection.
Because bacteria can be found in the urine of healthy individuals, a UTI is
diagnosed based both on symptoms and a laboratory test.
UTIs are treated with bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics or
antimicrobials.
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and other
components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct and support research into many
diseases and conditions.
What are clinical trials, and are they right for you?
Clinical trials are part of clinical research and at the heart of all medical advances. Clinical trials
look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease. Researchers also use clinical trials to look at
other aspects of care, such as improving the quality of life for people with chronic illnesses. Find
out if clinical trials are right for you .
What clinical trials are open?
Clinical trials that are currently open and are recruiting can be viewed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov .
This information may contain content about medications and, when taken as prescribed, the
conditions they treat. When prepared, this content included the most current information available.
For updates or for questions about any medications,
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
What is a urinary tract infection
(UTI)?
What causes UTIs?
How common are UTIs in adults?
Who is at risk for a UTI?
Symptoms And Treatments of
UTI's
What is a urinary tract infection
(UTI)?
What causes UTIs?
How common are UTIs in adults?
Who is at risk for a UTI?
Symptoms And Treatments of
UTI's
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VAGINAL INFECTIONS....
Sexual health can be a touchy
subject, because there are many who are awkward about the
subject. Dealing with any kind of infection or ailment that affects the
genitalia can therefore be a lot more delicate. Whether or not you are
uncomfortable, it is important to not neglect any infection or abnormality
that affects the region.
Vaginal infections are quite common in most
women, and typically involve inflammation and are referred to as
vaginitis. Most vaginal infections cause inflammation and other symptoms
such as unpleasant odor,
discharge and itching. Vaginitis can occur due to various factors and it is
often difficult to diagnose the condition. Vaginal infections are usually not
very serious, so try not to get too worried. At the same time it is important
that you do not neglect it.
There are a variety of over-the-counter medications that can help to treat
vaginal infections. If over the counter medications and home remedies for
vaginal infections yield no results within a few days itself, it would be
advisable to seek medical attention.
Symptoms of Vaginal Infections
The most common symptoms of vaginal infections are itching and burning
in and around the vagina. Vaginal discharge is also likely to occur. Some
amount of vaginal discharge occurs normally in women of childbearing age.
The glands in the cervix produce a secretion which travels downwards
and carries the bacteria and dead vaginal cells with it. This may cause the
mucus secretion to become slightly white or yellowish in color. The
quantity of mucus secretion from the cervical glands varies throughout
the menstrual cycle depending upon the production of estrogen.
Vaginal discharge may also occur during
times of stress or sexual excitement. In such cases
the discharge is likely to be a clear secretion. In case there is vaginal
discharge of an abnormal color along with a foul odor and changes in
texture and consistency, it could be indicative of a vaginal infection.
Vaginal infections caused by bacteria or bacterial
vaginosis results in white or gray discharge that
has a characteristic fishlike odor. The discharge can be
noticed especially after sexual intercourse. There may also be itching or
burning around the vagina. It is also possible for bacterial vaginosis to
produce no symptoms at all.
Another type of vaginal infection is a yeast
infection. Itching along with a thick whitish discharge are the most
prominent symptoms of a yeast infection. Pain during urination and sexual
intercourse may also be experienced. Yeast infection can affect men as
well and results in itching on the penis.
Trichomoniasis results in a greenish or gray
vaginal discharge that also appears frothy in
texture. There is likely to be itching, burning and irritation in and
around the vagina. Strong odor from the discharge and discomfort during
urination and intercourse may also occur. Trichomoniasis is a sexually
transmitted infection and the symptoms are often noticed between 4 to 20
days after exposure.
A condition known as vulvodynia may result in stinging and rawness of the
genitals without any infection. This condition must be treated differently
from vaginal infections.
Causes of Vaginal Infections
The most common cause of vaginal infections is bacteria. Bacterial
vaginosis develops when there is an imbalance in the levels of bacteria
that are normally present in the vagina. Pregnant women and those who
practice frequent douching may be at a higher risk of developing this
infection.
The use of intrauterine devices is also a risk factor. Multiple sexual
partners or sexual relations with a new partner may also make a woman
prone to bacterial vaginosis.
Women who have never engaged in sexual intercourse are not likely to
get affected. Bacterial vaginosis does not spread through swimming pools,
bed linen or toilet seats.
Yeast infections are caused by the fungus known as candida albicans. It
can spread to other areas of the body such as the skin and mucus
membranes. In individuals with weakened immune systems, the infection
could be life threatening. Yeast infections are extremely common and are
not transmitted through sexual intercourse.
They result when there is an excess growth of fungi in the vagina. Under
normal circumstances fungal activity is kept in check by bacteria that are
present, but when the balance is upset problems develop. The levels of
bacteria may be affected by the intake of antibiotics. Fungal growth is likely
to occur even during pregnancy or in women with diabetes. Other factors
that could affect the balance of bacteria and fungi in the vagina include
the use of birth control pills, use of steroids, diabetes, weak immunity,
hormonal changes and use of perfumed feminine hygiene products.
Fungal growth may be excessive even if there are scratches in the region.
This can happen while inserting a tampon.
Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasite that
spreads through sexual intercourse.
Remedies for Vaginal Infections
The diagnosis of vaginal infections is usually made following analysis of
vaginal cultures and urine tests. The treatment will depend upon the
organism that is causing the problem.
The treatment is also influenced by the type of vagintis, severity, duration
and recurrence of the infection. Different types of medication may have to
be prescribed for pregnant women.
Bacterial vaginosis is treated with antibiotic
medications in the form of pills or topical
applications. However it is possible for the infection to recur even
after successful treatment. In such cases another course of antibiotic
medication is then prescribed. There are also some home remedies that
can help to alleviate the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis.
The most important step when you deal with a vaginal infection is to
ensure good hygiene. It is advisable to cleanse the area frequently using a
mild soap. Take care not to allow the transfer of germs from the anal area
while wiping. Also avoid wearing tight jeans as this could aggravate the
condition.
Cotton undergarments that are comfortable
will allow for circulation, limiting an excessive buildup of
moisture and heat. It is also necessary to wash undergarments properly to
get rid of any buildup of germs. A good way to encourage healing of a
bacterial infection is to wrap a clove of garlic in cheesecloth to form a
small tampon.
The cloth may be tied with un-waxed dental
floss. Insert this into the vagina and let it
remain overnight. This may be done once every day until the
infection goes away. Apple cider vinegar is another popular natural
remedy for vaginal infections. Combine a tablespoon of apple cider
vinegar with two cups of water and add a fresh clove of garlic.
Allow the solution to stand for some time
and then use it for douching. Capsules of boric acid can
also be inserted into the vagina to relieve symptoms of infection. However
there may be some amount of burning initially.
Sexual health can be a touchy
subject, because there are many who are awkward about the
subject. Dealing with any kind of infection or ailment that affects the
genitalia can therefore be a lot more delicate. Whether or not you are
uncomfortable, it is important to not neglect any infection or abnormality
that affects the region.
Vaginal infections are quite common in most
women, and typically involve inflammation and are referred to as
vaginitis. Most vaginal infections cause inflammation and other symptoms
such as unpleasant odor,
discharge and itching. Vaginitis can occur due to various factors and it is
often difficult to diagnose the condition. Vaginal infections are usually not
very serious, so try not to get too worried. At the same time it is important
that you do not neglect it.
There are a variety of over-the-counter medications that can help to treat
vaginal infections. If over the counter medications and home remedies for
vaginal infections yield no results within a few days itself, it would be
advisable to seek medical attention.
Symptoms of Vaginal Infections
The most common symptoms of vaginal infections are itching and burning
in and around the vagina. Vaginal discharge is also likely to occur. Some
amount of vaginal discharge occurs normally in women of childbearing age.
The glands in the cervix produce a secretion which travels downwards
and carries the bacteria and dead vaginal cells with it. This may cause the
mucus secretion to become slightly white or yellowish in color. The
quantity of mucus secretion from the cervical glands varies throughout
the menstrual cycle depending upon the production of estrogen.
Vaginal discharge may also occur during
times of stress or sexual excitement. In such cases
the discharge is likely to be a clear secretion. In case there is vaginal
discharge of an abnormal color along with a foul odor and changes in
texture and consistency, it could be indicative of a vaginal infection.
Vaginal infections caused by bacteria or bacterial
vaginosis results in white or gray discharge that
has a characteristic fishlike odor. The discharge can be
noticed especially after sexual intercourse. There may also be itching or
burning around the vagina. It is also possible for bacterial vaginosis to
produce no symptoms at all.
Another type of vaginal infection is a yeast
infection. Itching along with a thick whitish discharge are the most
prominent symptoms of a yeast infection. Pain during urination and sexual
intercourse may also be experienced. Yeast infection can affect men as
well and results in itching on the penis.
Trichomoniasis results in a greenish or gray
vaginal discharge that also appears frothy in
texture. There is likely to be itching, burning and irritation in and
around the vagina. Strong odor from the discharge and discomfort during
urination and intercourse may also occur. Trichomoniasis is a sexually
transmitted infection and the symptoms are often noticed between 4 to 20
days after exposure.
A condition known as vulvodynia may result in stinging and rawness of the
genitals without any infection. This condition must be treated differently
from vaginal infections.
Causes of Vaginal Infections
The most common cause of vaginal infections is bacteria. Bacterial
vaginosis develops when there is an imbalance in the levels of bacteria
that are normally present in the vagina. Pregnant women and those who
practice frequent douching may be at a higher risk of developing this
infection.
The use of intrauterine devices is also a risk factor. Multiple sexual
partners or sexual relations with a new partner may also make a woman
prone to bacterial vaginosis.
Women who have never engaged in sexual intercourse are not likely to
get affected. Bacterial vaginosis does not spread through swimming pools,
bed linen or toilet seats.
Yeast infections are caused by the fungus known as candida albicans. It
can spread to other areas of the body such as the skin and mucus
membranes. In individuals with weakened immune systems, the infection
could be life threatening. Yeast infections are extremely common and are
not transmitted through sexual intercourse.
They result when there is an excess growth of fungi in the vagina. Under
normal circumstances fungal activity is kept in check by bacteria that are
present, but when the balance is upset problems develop. The levels of
bacteria may be affected by the intake of antibiotics. Fungal growth is likely
to occur even during pregnancy or in women with diabetes. Other factors
that could affect the balance of bacteria and fungi in the vagina include
the use of birth control pills, use of steroids, diabetes, weak immunity,
hormonal changes and use of perfumed feminine hygiene products.
Fungal growth may be excessive even if there are scratches in the region.
This can happen while inserting a tampon.
Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasite that
spreads through sexual intercourse.
Remedies for Vaginal Infections
The diagnosis of vaginal infections is usually made following analysis of
vaginal cultures and urine tests. The treatment will depend upon the
organism that is causing the problem.
The treatment is also influenced by the type of vagintis, severity, duration
and recurrence of the infection. Different types of medication may have to
be prescribed for pregnant women.
Bacterial vaginosis is treated with antibiotic
medications in the form of pills or topical
applications. However it is possible for the infection to recur even
after successful treatment. In such cases another course of antibiotic
medication is then prescribed. There are also some home remedies that
can help to alleviate the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis.
The most important step when you deal with a vaginal infection is to
ensure good hygiene. It is advisable to cleanse the area frequently using a
mild soap. Take care not to allow the transfer of germs from the anal area
while wiping. Also avoid wearing tight jeans as this could aggravate the
condition.
Cotton undergarments that are comfortable
will allow for circulation, limiting an excessive buildup of
moisture and heat. It is also necessary to wash undergarments properly to
get rid of any buildup of germs. A good way to encourage healing of a
bacterial infection is to wrap a clove of garlic in cheesecloth to form a
small tampon.
The cloth may be tied with un-waxed dental
floss. Insert this into the vagina and let it
remain overnight. This may be done once every day until the
infection goes away. Apple cider vinegar is another popular natural
remedy for vaginal infections. Combine a tablespoon of apple cider
vinegar with two cups of water and add a fresh clove of garlic.
Allow the solution to stand for some time
and then use it for douching. Capsules of boric acid can
also be inserted into the vagina to relieve symptoms of infection. However
there may be some amount of burning initially.
Different kinds of vaginal infections..
The six most common types of vaginal infections are: Yeast infections
(caused by Candida). Bacterial vaginosis. Trichomoniasis vaginitis.
Chlamydia vaginitis. Viral vaginitis. Non-infectious vaginitis.
---------------
Vaginitis, also known as vaginal infection and vulvovaginitis, is an
inflammation of the vagina and possible vulva. It can result in discharge,
itching and pain, and is often associated with an irritation or infection of
the vulva. Infected women may also be asymptomatic
-----------------
Signs and symptoms...
A woman may have vaginal itching or burning and may notice a discharge.
The discharge may be excessive in amounts or abnormal in color(such as
yellow, gray, or green).
The following symptoms may indicate the presence of infection:[4]
irritation and/or itching of the genital area
inflammation (irritation, redness, and swelling caused by the presence of
extra immune cells) of the labia majora, labia minora, or perineal area
vaginal discharge
foul vaginal odor
pain/irritation with sexual intercourse
Causes
Vaginitis is the disruption of the healthy vaginal microbiota. The vaginal
microbiota consists of those organisms which generally do not cause
symptoms, infections, and results in good pregnancy outcomes, and is
dominated mainly by Lactobacillus species.
The disruption of the normal microbiota can cause a vaginal yeast
infection. Vaginal yeast infection can affect women of all ages and is very
common.
The six most common types of vaginal infections are: Yeast infections
(caused by Candida). Bacterial vaginosis. Trichomoniasis vaginitis.
Chlamydia vaginitis. Viral vaginitis. Non-infectious vaginitis.
---------------
Vaginitis, also known as vaginal infection and vulvovaginitis, is an
inflammation of the vagina and possible vulva. It can result in discharge,
itching and pain, and is often associated with an irritation or infection of
the vulva. Infected women may also be asymptomatic
-----------------
Signs and symptoms...
A woman may have vaginal itching or burning and may notice a discharge.
The discharge may be excessive in amounts or abnormal in color(such as
yellow, gray, or green).
The following symptoms may indicate the presence of infection:[4]
irritation and/or itching of the genital area
inflammation (irritation, redness, and swelling caused by the presence of
extra immune cells) of the labia majora, labia minora, or perineal area
vaginal discharge
foul vaginal odor
pain/irritation with sexual intercourse
Causes
Vaginitis is the disruption of the healthy vaginal microbiota. The vaginal
microbiota consists of those organisms which generally do not cause
symptoms, infections, and results in good pregnancy outcomes, and is
dominated mainly by Lactobacillus species.
The disruption of the normal microbiota can cause a vaginal yeast
infection. Vaginal yeast infection can affect women of all ages and is very
common.
Treatment
The cause of the infection determines the appropriate treatment. It may
include oral or topical antibiotics and/or antifungal creams, antibacterial
creams, or similar medications.
A cream containing cortisone may also be used to relieve some of the
irritation. If an allergic reaction is involved, an antihistamine may also be
prescribed.
For women who have irritation and inflammation caused by low levels of
estrogen (postmenopausal), a topical estrogen cream might be
prescribed.
The following are typical treatments for trichomoniasis, bacterial
vaginosis, and yeast infections:
Trichomoniasis: Single oral doses of either metronidazole, or tinidazole.
"Sexual partner(s) should be treated simultaneously. Patients should be
advised to avoid sexual intercourse for at least 1 week and until they
and their partner(s) have completed treatment and follow-up."
Bacterial vaginosis: The most commonly used antibiotics are
metronidazole, available in both pill and gel form, and clindamycin
available in both pill and cream form.
Yeast infections: Local azole, in the form of ovula and cream. All agents
appear to be equally effective.
These anti-fungal medications, which are available in over the counter
form, are generally used to treat yeast infections. Treatment may last
anywhere between one, three, or seven days
The cause of the infection determines the appropriate treatment. It may
include oral or topical antibiotics and/or antifungal creams, antibacterial
creams, or similar medications.
A cream containing cortisone may also be used to relieve some of the
irritation. If an allergic reaction is involved, an antihistamine may also be
prescribed.
For women who have irritation and inflammation caused by low levels of
estrogen (postmenopausal), a topical estrogen cream might be
prescribed.
The following are typical treatments for trichomoniasis, bacterial
vaginosis, and yeast infections:
Trichomoniasis: Single oral doses of either metronidazole, or tinidazole.
"Sexual partner(s) should be treated simultaneously. Patients should be
advised to avoid sexual intercourse for at least 1 week and until they
and their partner(s) have completed treatment and follow-up."
Bacterial vaginosis: The most commonly used antibiotics are
metronidazole, available in both pill and gel form, and clindamycin
available in both pill and cream form.
Yeast infections: Local azole, in the form of ovula and cream. All agents
appear to be equally effective.
These anti-fungal medications, which are available in over the counter
form, are generally used to treat yeast infections. Treatment may last
anywhere between one, three, or seven days
Types of Vaginal Infections
Burning, itching, and an unpleasant odor are just some of the common
symptoms of vaginal infections. But treatments vary by condition, so it's
important to know which type of vaginal infection you have.
-------------
Vaginal infections, or vaginitis, are very common — so much so that most
women will experience some form of vaginal infection or inflammation
during their lifetime.
“To the gynecologist, vaginitis is a vaginal discharge with or without
itching and burning, with or without an odor,”
Burning, itching, and an unpleasant odor are just some of the common
symptoms of vaginal infections. But treatments vary by condition, so it's
important to know which type of vaginal infection you have.
-------------
Vaginal infections, or vaginitis, are very common — so much so that most
women will experience some form of vaginal infection or inflammation
during their lifetime.
“To the gynecologist, vaginitis is a vaginal discharge with or without
itching and burning, with or without an odor,”
A healthy vagina has many
bacteria and yeast. However, some things can
disturb that healthy balance. These include:
•Douches
•Hormone level changes
•Antibiotics
•Vaginal intercourse
•Pregnancy and breastfeeding
=================
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The Most Common Types of Vaginal
Infections
There are three very common types of vaginal infections, says Cynthia
Krause, MD, assistant clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at
Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City.
• Yeast infections. The most common type of vaginitis, a
yeast infection is caused by one of the many species of fungus known
as Candida. Candida live naturally in your body in small numbers,
including in the vagina, and usually don't cause any harm.
However, Candida thrive in a warm, moist, airless environment and,
under those conditions, can grow in number, causing a vaginal
infection.
bacteria and yeast. However, some things can
disturb that healthy balance. These include:
•Douches
•Hormone level changes
•Antibiotics
•Vaginal intercourse
•Pregnancy and breastfeeding
=================
Advertisement
The Most Common Types of Vaginal
Infections
There are three very common types of vaginal infections, says Cynthia
Krause, MD, assistant clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at
Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City.
• Yeast infections. The most common type of vaginitis, a
yeast infection is caused by one of the many species of fungus known
as Candida. Candida live naturally in your body in small numbers,
including in the vagina, and usually don't cause any harm.
However, Candida thrive in a warm, moist, airless environment and,
under those conditions, can grow in number, causing a vaginal
infection.
•Bacterial vaginosis. Along with yeast,
“friendly” bacteria called lactobacilli live in
the vagina. When the number of lactobacilli gets too low, it can
trigger a condition called bacterial vaginosis (BV).
Why bacteria levels change is not known, but the normal lactobacilli
can be replaced by other infection-causing bacteria. “Gardnerella is
the bacteria most often associated with bacterial vaginosis,” “It is the
lack of lactobacilli and overgrowth with these other bacteria that cause
the symptoms of infection.”
With bacterial vaginosis, a woman may see a thick or whitish discharge
or one that is slippery and clear. It is not likely to itch or burn. A fishy
odor may be noticeable, especially during intercourse.
•Trichomonas. “Of the three most common vaginal infections,
trichomonas vaginitis is the only one that is a true sexually transmitted
infection,”
“friendly” bacteria called lactobacilli live in
the vagina. When the number of lactobacilli gets too low, it can
trigger a condition called bacterial vaginosis (BV).
Why bacteria levels change is not known, but the normal lactobacilli
can be replaced by other infection-causing bacteria. “Gardnerella is
the bacteria most often associated with bacterial vaginosis,” “It is the
lack of lactobacilli and overgrowth with these other bacteria that cause
the symptoms of infection.”
With bacterial vaginosis, a woman may see a thick or whitish discharge
or one that is slippery and clear. It is not likely to itch or burn. A fishy
odor may be noticeable, especially during intercourse.
•Trichomonas. “Of the three most common vaginal infections,
trichomonas vaginitis is the only one that is a true sexually transmitted
infection,”
Other Vaginal Infections and Conditions
Other common vaginal infections and causes of vaginal itching
include:
•Chlamydia vaginitis. Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease that
can cause inflammation of the vagina. Some women will have a
discharge with chlamydia and some will not.
A more common symptom is bleeding, especially after intercourse.
“Sexually active women up to diferent age should be tested annually
for chlamydia because it so often comes without symptoms and can
linger and do a fair amount of damage to fertility,” Moore says.
•Noninfectious vaginitis. Noninfectious vaginitis is when the skin
around the vagina becomes sensitive to an irritant such as scented
tampons, perfumed soaps, or fabric softeners.
This is not an infection, and the solution is simple: “Not to be exposed
to whatever you are having a reaction to,”
===============
•Vulvodynia. This is a condition in which
women have chronic pain or discomfort of
the vulva without a known cause. The symptoms
are similar to vaginal infections: burning, stinging, rawness,
soreness, and swelling.
Symptoms may be constant or occasional.
•Viral vaginosis. Viruses also can cause vaginal infections. Most
viruses are spread through sexual contact.
“The herpes simplex virus is a common
cause of viral vaginosis,” . Symptoms include pain in
the genital area from lesions or sores. Most of the time, you can see
the sores on the vulva or vagina, but they can also be hidden and
seen only during an examination by your gynecologist.
Treatment for Vaginal Infections
All of these infections can be treated, but it is important to know
which infection you have so that the right medication is prescribed.
“Yeast medication is available over the counter if you are certain that
it is a yeast infection,” . “Sometimes women think they have a yeast
infection and it is actually something else
Other common vaginal infections and causes of vaginal itching
include:
•Chlamydia vaginitis. Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease that
can cause inflammation of the vagina. Some women will have a
discharge with chlamydia and some will not.
A more common symptom is bleeding, especially after intercourse.
“Sexually active women up to diferent age should be tested annually
for chlamydia because it so often comes without symptoms and can
linger and do a fair amount of damage to fertility,” Moore says.
•Noninfectious vaginitis. Noninfectious vaginitis is when the skin
around the vagina becomes sensitive to an irritant such as scented
tampons, perfumed soaps, or fabric softeners.
This is not an infection, and the solution is simple: “Not to be exposed
to whatever you are having a reaction to,”
===============
•Vulvodynia. This is a condition in which
women have chronic pain or discomfort of
the vulva without a known cause. The symptoms
are similar to vaginal infections: burning, stinging, rawness,
soreness, and swelling.
Symptoms may be constant or occasional.
•Viral vaginosis. Viruses also can cause vaginal infections. Most
viruses are spread through sexual contact.
“The herpes simplex virus is a common
cause of viral vaginosis,” . Symptoms include pain in
the genital area from lesions or sores. Most of the time, you can see
the sores on the vulva or vagina, but they can also be hidden and
seen only during an examination by your gynecologist.
Treatment for Vaginal Infections
All of these infections can be treated, but it is important to know
which infection you have so that the right medication is prescribed.
“Yeast medication is available over the counter if you are certain that
it is a yeast infection,” . “Sometimes women think they have a yeast
infection and it is actually something else
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